Abstract
In Asturias, northern region of Spain, pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) with symptoms of disease such as cracks in the bark with dark exudates, was observed in June 2017. Two different bacteria were isolated from the recovered sample. The two bacteria were biochemically very similar and so were identified by 16S rDNA sequences. The sequence of strain LPPA 3463 had 99% similarity with that of the type strain of the species Brenneria goodwinii Denman et al., and the sequence of strain LPPA 3461 showed the same result with respect to the sequence of the type strain of the species Gibbsiella quercinecans Brady et al. For more accurate identification, gyrB and atpD genes were also sequenced. Pathogenicity tests were initially carried out by puncture with the two bacteria on acorns and after 15 days, a rotten area was observed in the nuts while the controls, inoculated with sterile water, remained healthy. B. goodwinii and G. quercinecans have been consistently associated with Acute Oak Disease (AOD) affecting native oak trees in the UK, usually with presence of galleries produced by the buprestid beetle Agrilus. However, larval galleries of the Agrilus were not present in the pedunculate oak sample. G. quercinecans was reported in Spain on both Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) and Q. pyrenaica Willd. (pyrenean oak), but not on Q. robur. The bacterium B. goodwinii has not been described in Spain, and consequently this is the first report of these bacteria in pedunculate oak in Spain.
References
Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L., Schaffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., et al. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 3389–3402.
Arnáiz, L. (1999). Los Bupréstidos del cuadrante noroccidental español (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Graellsia, 55, 163–176.
Biosca, E. G., González, R., López-López, M. J., Soria, S., Montón, C., Pérez-Laorga, E., et al. (2003). Isolation and characterization of Brenneria quercina, causal agent for bark canker and drippy nut of Quercus spp. in Spain. Phytopathology, 93, 485–492.
Brady, C., Denman, S., Kirk, S., Venter, S., Rodríguez-Palenzuela, P., & Coutinho, T. (2010). Description of Gibbsiella quercinecans gen. Nov., sp. nov., associated with acute oak decline. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 33, 444–450.
Brady, C., Allainguillaume, J., Denman, S., & Arnold, D. (2016). Rapid identification of bacteria associated with acute oak decline by high resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 63(2), 89–95.
Denman, S., Brady, C., Kirk, S., Cleenwerck, I., Venter, S., Coutinho, T., et al. (2012). Brenneria goodwinii sp. nov., associated with acute oak decline in the UK. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 62, 2451–2456.
Denman, S., Brown, N., Kirk, S., Jeger, M. & Webber, J. (2014). A description of the symptoms of Acute Oak Decline in Britain and a comparative review on causes of similar disorders on oak in Europe. Forestry, 87, 535–551.
Denman, S., Plummer, S., Kirk, S., Peace, A., & McDonald, J. E. (2016). Isolation studies reveal a shift in the cultivable microbiome of oak affected with acute oak decline. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 39, 484–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2016.07.002.
Denman, S., Doonan, J., Ransom-Jones, E., Broberg, M., Plummer, S., Kirk, S., et al. (2018). Microbiome and infectivity studies reveal complex polyspecies tree disease in acute oak decline. The ISME Journal, 12, 386–399.
Doonan, J., Denman, S., Pachebat, J. A., & McDonald, J. E. (2019). Genomic analysis of bacteria in the acute oak decline pathobiome. Microbial Genomics. https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000240.
Edwards, U., Rogall, T., Blöcker, H., Emde, M., & Böttger, E. C. (1989). Isolation and direct complete nucleotide determination of entire genes. Characterization of a gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 17, 7843–7853.
González-Biosca, E., Pérez-Laorga, E., Águila, B., Catalá-Senent, J. F., Delgado, R., González, R., et al. (2008). Distribución de Brenneria spp. en la Comunidad Valenciana y especies forestales a las que afecta. Cuadernos De La Sociedad Española De Ciencias Forestales, 26, 113–118.
Hildebrand, D. C., & Schroth, M. N. (1967). A new species of Erwinia causing the drippy nut disease of live oaks. Phytopathology, 57, 250–253.
Hugh, R., & Leifson, E. (1953). The taxonomic significance of fermentative versus oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates by various gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology, 66, 24–26.
Khela, S. (2012). Quercus robur. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2012: e.T63532A14719534. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/63532/1. Accesed 29 May 2018.
Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120.
King, E. O., Ward, M. K., & Raney, D. E. (1954). Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescein. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 44, 301–307.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., & Tamura, K. (2016). MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33, 1870–1874.
MAPA. (2016). Informe anual. Situación del Registro y Catálogo Nacional de Materiales de Base. https://www.ma.a.gob.es/es/desarrollo-rural/temas/politicaforestal/informeanual2016_situaciondelregistroycnmb_tcm30-139340.pdf. Accesed 29 May 2018.
MARM (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación). (2012). IV Inventario Nacional Forestal, Principado de Asturias, 58 pp. ISBN: 978-84-8014-817-7.
Poza-Carrión, C., Aguilar, I., Gallego, F. J., Nunez-Moreno, Y., Biosca, E. G., González, R., et al. (2008). Brenneria quercina and Serratia spp. isolated from Spanish oak trees: Molecular characterization and development of PCR primers. Plant Pathology, 57, 308–319.
Saitou, N., & Nei, M. (1987). The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4, 406–425.
Tamura, K., & Nei, M. (1993). Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10, 512–526.
Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., & Gibson, T. J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673–4680.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that the work is in compliance with ethical standards.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research involving human participants and/or animals
This manuscript does not contain research involving human participants and/or animals.
Informed consent
The authors all agreed on this manuscript.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 13 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
González, A.J., Ciordia, M. Brenneria goodwinii and Gibbsiella quercinecans isolated from weeping cankers on Quercus robur L. in Spain. Eur J Plant Pathol 156, 965–969 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01891-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01891-z