Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (FOA) is a seed- and soil-borne vascular wilt pathogen that causes a very serious and destructive disease of date palm (Bayoud disease). FOA is not currently known to occur in Saudi Arabia, but the disease has been moving eastward from its origin in Morocco and Algeria. The main objective of this study was to evaluate Saudi Arabian date palm germplasm at the molecular level to assess the presence of R or S plasmid. We evaluated 711 trees representing 42 date palm varieties in Saudi Arabia with a mitochondrial molecular marker and sequenced 64 of the diagnostic PCR amplicons. Most of the trees (628/711) carried the R-plasmid which is associated with Bayoud resistance against FOA fungus. The other 83 trees carried the S-plasmid and are predicted to be susceptible. All amplifications from putatively resistant trees had the same DNA sequence. Moreover, the sequence of the Saudi resistance amplicon was identical to the sequence of Moroccan resistance DNA publically available in NCBI-GenBank database. All the sensitive trees from Saudi Arabia shared a common DNA sequence. This sequence differed from the Moroccan susceptible one at seven unique mutations including five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two insertion/deletion (indels) regions. The uniformity of the sequences means that the introduction of new germplasm to Saudi Arabia will be easily detected. The relatively high frequency of putative resistance means that if/when this disease enters the Kingdom that most trees should be resistant.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-shahib, W., & Marshall, R. J. (2003). The fruit of the date palm: its possible use as the best food for the future? International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 54(4), 247–259.
Barreveld, W. H. (1993). Date palm products (FAO agricultural services bulletin No. 101). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Benslimane, A. A., Rode, A., Quétier, F., & Hartmann, C. (1994). Characterization of two minicircular plasmid-like DNAs isolated from date palm mitochondria. Current Genetics, 26(5–6), 535–541.
Benslimane, A. A., Hartmann, C., Ouenzar, B., & Rode, A. (1996). Intramolecular recombination of a mitochondrial minicircular plasmid-like DNA of date palm mediated by a set of short direct repeat sequences. Current Genetics, 29(6), 591–593.
Besbes, S., Blecker, C., Deroanne, C., Bahloul, N., Lognay, G., Drira, N., & Attia, H. (2004). Date seed oil: phenolic, tocopherol and sterol profiles. Journal of Food Lipids, 11(4), 251–265.
Chao, T., & Krueger, R. R. (2007). The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): overview of biology, uses, and cultivation. HortScience, 42(5), 1077–1082.
Devshony, S., Eteshola, E., & Shani, A. (1992). Characteristics and some potential applications of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds and seed oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 69(6), 595–597.
Djerbi, M. (1982). Bayoud disease in North Africa: history, distribution, diagnostics and control. Date Palm Journal, 1(2), 153–197.
Djerbi, M. (1983). Diseases of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) (in the Near East and North Africa). Baghdad, Iraq.
El_Komy, M. H., Saleh, A. A., Eranthodi, A., Hamoud, A. S., & Molan, Y. Y. (2013). Morphological and molecular characterization of Fusarium isolates collected from date palm in Saudi Arabia. Phytopathology, 103(6), S2.125.
Freeman, S., & Maymon, M. (2000). Reliable detection of the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, causal agent of Bayoud disease of date palm, using molecular techniques. Phytoparasitica, 28(4), 341–348.
Haider, N., & Nabulsi, I. (2012). Molecular characterization of Syrian date palm cultivars using plasmid-like DNA markers. Russian Journal of Genetics, 48(2), 240–244.
Hall, T. A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acid Symposium Series, 41(1), 95–98.
Louvet, J., & Toutain, G. (1981). Bayoud, Fusarium wilt of date palm. In P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun, & R. J. Cook (Ed.), Fusarium: diseases, biology and taxonomy (pp. 13–20). Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.
Miller, A. J., & Gross, B. L. (2011). From forest to field: perennial fruit crop domestication. American Journal of Botany, 98(9), 1389–1414.
Murray, M. G., & Thomson, W. F. (1980). Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 8(19), 4321–4325.
Nixon, R. W. (1951). The date palm: “Tree of life” in the subtropical deserts. Economic Botany, 5(3), 274–301.
Ould Mohamed Salem, A., Rhouma, S., Zehdi, S., Marrakchi, M., & Trifi, M. (2007). Molecular characterization of Mauritanian date palm cultivars using plasmid-like DNAs markers. Biologia Plantarum, 51(1), 169–172.
Quenzar, B., Trifi, M., Bouachrine, B., Hartmann, C., Marrakchi, M., Benslimane, A. A., & Rode, A. (2001). A mitochondrial molecular marker of resistance to Bayoud disease in date palm. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 103(2–3), 366–370.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., & Maniatis, T. (1989). Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Sedra, M. H., & Lazrek, B. H. (2011). Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis toxin characterization and Use for selection of resistant date palm to bayoud disease. In S. M. Jain, J. M. Al-Khayri, & D. V. Johnson (Eds.), Date palm biotechnology (pp. 253–270). London: Springer.
Sedra, MyH. (2007). Discovery of bayoud disease on date palm tree in Mauritania: its importance, kind and control strategies. In Proceedings Fourth Symposium on Date Palm in Saudi Arabia. King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia.
Sedra, M. H., Jain, S. M., Al-Khayri, J. M., & Johnson, D. V. (2011). Radiation-induced mutations for date palm improvement. In Date palm biotechnology (pp. 271–286). London: Springer.
Trifi, M., Benslimane, A., Rhouma, A., Rode, A., & Marrakchi, M. (1998). Molecular characterization of Tunisian date palm varieties. First international conference on Date-palm, El Ain, U.A.E.(http://www.pubhort.org/datepalm/datepalm1/datepalm1_15.pdf).
Zaid, A., De Wet, P. F., Djerbi, M., & Oihabi, A. (2002). Chapter XII diseases and pests of date palm. In A. Zaid (Ed.), Date palm cultivation (pp. 223–287). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Acknowledgments
This Project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Number (11-AGR1475-02).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saleh, A.A., El_Komy, M.H., Eranthodi, A. et al. Variation in a molecular marker for resistance of Saudi date palm germplasm to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis the causal agent of Bayoud disease. Eur J Plant Pathol 143, 507–514 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0703-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0703-y