Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Structure and variation in the wild-plant pathosystem: Lactuca serriola–Bremia lactucae

  • Published:
European Journal of Plant Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Over the past decade, extensive research on the wild-plant pathosystem, Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce)–Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew), has been conducted in the Czech Republic. Studies focused on pathogen occurrence and distribution, host range, variation in symptom expression and disease severity, interactions of B. lactucae with another fungal species (Golovinomyces cichoracearum) on L. serriola, variation in resistance within natural populations of L. serriola, the structure and dynamics of virulence within populations of B. lactucae, sexual reproduction of B. lactucae, and a comparison of virulence structure and changes in B. lactucae populations occurring in wild (L. serriola) and crop (L. sativa) pathosystems. The incidence of B. lactucae on naturally growing L. serriola and other Asteraceae was recorded. Lactuca serriola was the most commonly occurring host species, followed by Sonchus oleraceus. Over the duration of these studies, the incidence of B. lactucae in L. serriola populations varied between 45–87%. Disease incidence and disease prevalence were partly related to the size, density and different habitats of L. serriola populations. In addition to B. lactucae infection, infection by the lettuce powdery mildew fungus (Golovinomyces cichoracearum) was quite common, including co-infection. Variation in resistance to B. lactucae was studied by using ten isolates (NL and BL races with known virulence patterns) at a metapopulation level, i.e. 250 L. serriola samples representing 16 populations from the Czech Republic (CZ). Our comparisons revealed broad variation in host resistance among host populations and also intrapopulation variability. In the CZ populations, 45 resistance phenotypes were recorded, the most frequent were race-specific reaction patterns. Structural and temporal changes in virulence variation of B. lactucae populations on L. serriola were studied during 1998–2005. Altogether, 313 isolates of B. lactucae originating from the Czech Republic were examined for the presence of 32 virulence factors (v-factors), and 93 different virulence phenotypes (v-phenotypes) were recorded. A study of v-factor frequency showed that common v-factors in B. lactucae populations match some of the race-specific resistance genes/factors (Dm genes or R-factors) originating from L. serriola. The highest frequency was recorded by v-factors v7, v11, v15–17, and v24–30. In contrast, v-factors (e.g. v1–4, 6, and 10) matching Dm genes originating from L. sativa were very rare. This demonstrates the close adaptation of B. lactucae virulence to the host (L. serriola) genetic background. Temporal changes in virulence frequencies over the period were recorded. In many v-factors (v11, v14, v16, and v25–28), fluctuations were observed, some (v14 and v17) shifting to higher frequencies, and others (v5/8 and v23) decreasing. The occurrence of mating types was studied (1997–1999) in a set of 59 B. lactucae isolates. Both compatibility types (B1 and B2) were recorded; however the majority of the isolates (96%) were type B2. A comparative study of B. lactucae virulence variation between the wild (L. serriola) and crop (L. sativa) pathosystems showed major differences. Migration and gene flow between both pathosystems and the potential danger of wild B. lactucae populations for cultivated lettuce are discussed. This paper summarizes comprehensive and unique research on an oomycete pathogen (B. lactucae) that is shared between a crop (lettuce, L. sativa) and its close wild relative (prickly lettuce, L. serriola). The data demonstrate clear evidence about race-specific interactions, variation and changes in virulence, and coevolutionary relationships in the wild pathosystem L. serriola–B. lactucae. Conclusions contribute to the broadening and better understanding of gene-for-gene systems in natural host–pathogen populations and their relationships to crop pathosystems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achar, P. N. (1996). First report of downy mildew disease in lettuce caused by Bremia lactucae in Natal, Southern Africa. Plant Disease, D-1996-0229-01N, (on-line).

  • Beharav, A., Lewinsohn, D., Lebeda, A., & Nevo, E. (2006). New wild Lactuca genetic resources with resistance against Bremia lactucae. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 53, 467–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan, J. R., Clarke, D. D., & Crute, I. R. (1993). Resistance to Erysiphe fischeri in two populations of Senecio vulgaris. Plant Pathology, 42, 636–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnier, F. J. M., Reinink, K., & Groenwold, R. (1992). New sources of major gene resistance in Lactuca to Bremia lactucae. Euphytica, 61, 203–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, U. (1995). The powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae) of Europe. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon, J. J. (1987). Diseases and plant population biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon, J. J. (1997). The evolution of gene-for-gene interactions in natural pathosystems. In I. R. Crute, E. B. Holub, & J. J. Burdon (Eds.), The gene-for-gene relationships in plant–parasite interactions (pp. 245–262). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon, J. J., & Jarosz, A. M. (1991). Host–pathogen interactions in natural populations of Linum marginale and Melampsora lini: I. Patterns of resistance and racial variation in a large host population. Evolution, 45, 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burdon, J. J., Thrall, P. H., & Ericson, L. (2006). The current and future dynamics of disease in plant communities. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 44, 19–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burdon, J. J., Wennström, A., Elmqvist, T., & Kirby, G. C. (1996). The role of race specific resistance in natural plant populations. Oikos, 76, 411–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson-Granér, U. (2006). Disease dynamics, host specificity and pathogen persistence in isolated host populations. Oikos, 112, 174–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson-Granér, U., & Thrall, P. H. (2002). The spatial distribution of plant populations, disease dynamics and evolution of resistance. Oikos, 97, 97–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, B. M., Jones, D. G., & Kaye, B. (Eds.) (2006). The Epidemiology of plant diseases. Dordrecht: Springer.

  • Cousens, R., & Croft, A. M. (2000). Weed populations and pathogens. Weed Research, 40, 63–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crute, I. R. (1987). The geographical distribution and frequency of virulence determinants in Bremia lactucae: Relationships between genetic control and host selection. In M. S. Wolfe & C. E. Caten (Eds.), Populations of plant pathogens: Their dynamics and genetics (pp. 193–212). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crute, I. R. (1990). Resistance to Bremia lactucae (downy mildew) in British populations of Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce). In J. J. Burdon & S. R. Leather (Eds.), Pests, pathogens and plant communities (pp. 203–217). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crute, I. R. (1992a). From breeding to cloning (and back again?): a case study with lettuce downy mildew. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 30, 485–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crute, I. R. (1992b). Downy mildew of lettuce. In H. S. Chaube, J. Kumar, A. N. Mukhopadhyay, & U. S. Singh (Eds.), Plant diseases of international importance. vol. ii. diseases of vegetable and oil seed crops (pp. 165–185). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crute, I. R., & Dickinson, C. H. (1976). The behaviour of Bremia lactucae on cultivars of Lactuca sativa and other composites. Annals of Applied Biology, 82, 433–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crute, I. R., & Dixon, G. R. (1981). Downy mildew diseases caused by the genus Bremia Regel. In D. M. Spencer (Ed.), The downy mildews (pp. 421–460). London, New York, San Francisco: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crute, I. R., & Johnson, A. G. (1976). The genetic relationship between races of Bremia lactucae and cultivars of Lactuca sativa. Annals of Applied Biology, 83, 125–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Datnoff, L. E., Nagata, R. T., & Raid, R. N. (1994). Pathotyping of Bremia lactucae in Florida. Plant Disease, 78, 584–857.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmotte, F., Bucheli, E., & Shykoff, J. A. (1999). Host and parasite population structure in a natural plant–pathogen system. Heredity, 82, 300–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinoor, A., & Eshed, N. (1984). The role and importance of pathogens in natural plant communities. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 22, 443–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doležalová, I., Lebeda, A., & Křístková, E. (2001). Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) germplasm collecting and distribution study in Slovenia and Sweden. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 128, 41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drenth, A. (2004). Fungal epidemics—does spatial structure matter. New Phytologist, 163, 4–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrara, B., Illott, T. W., & Michelmore, R. W. (1987). Genetic analysis of factors for resistance to downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Plant Pathology, 36, 499–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feráková, V. (1977). The genus Lactuca in Europe. Czechoslovakia, Bratislava: Komenský University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frantzen, J. (2000). Resistance in populations. In A. J. Slusarenko, R. R. S. Fraser, & L. C. van Loon (Eds.), Mechanisms of resistance to plant diseases (pp. 161–187). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, G. S. (2002). Evolutionary ecology of plant diseases in natural ecosystems. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 40, 13–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond-Kosack, K. E., & Jones, J. D. G. (1997). Plant disease resistance genes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 48, 575–607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooftman, D. A. P., Nieuwenhuis, B. P. S., Posthuma, K. I., Oostermeijer, J. G. B., & den Nijs, H. J. C. M. (2007). Introgression potential of downy mildew resistance from lettuce to Lactuca serriola and its relevance for plant fitness. Basic and Applied Ecology, 8, 135–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooftman, D. A. P., Oostermeijer, J. G. B., & den Nijs, H. J. C. M. (2006). Invasive behaviour of Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae) in the Netherlands: Spatial distribution and ecological amplitude. Basic and Applied Ecology, 7, 507–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeuken, M., & Lindhout, P. (2002). Lactuca saligna, a non-host for lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), harbors a new race-specific Dm gene and three QTLs for resistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 105, 384–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Judelson, H. S., & Michelmore, R. W. (1992). Temperature and genotype interactions in the expression of host resistance in lettuce downy mildew. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 40, 233–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koike, S. T., & Ochoa, O. E. (2007). Downy mildew caused by Bremia lactucae on strawflower (Helichrysum bracteatum) in California. Plant Disease, 91, 326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Křístková, E., & Lebeda, A. (1999). Collection of Lactuca spp. genetic resources in the Czech Republic. In A. Lebeda & E. Křístková (Eds.), Eucarpia leafy vegetables ‘99, Proceedings of the Eucarpia Meeting on Leafy Vegetables Genetics and Breeding (pp. 109–116). Olomouc, Czech Republic: Palacký University in Olomouc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuang, H., Ochoa, O. E., Nevo, E., & Michelmore, R. W. (2006). The disease resistance gene Dm3 is infrequent in natural populations of Lactuca serriola due to deletions and frequent gene conversions at the RGC2locus. The Plant Journal, 47, 38–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laine, A.-L. (2006). Evolution of host resistance: looking for coevolutionary hotspots at small spatial scales. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 273, 267–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1979). Identification of races of Bremia lactucae in Czechoslovakia. Journal of Phytopathology, 94, 208–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1981). Population genetics of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae). Journal of Phytopathology, 101, 228–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1982). Population genetic aspects in the study of phytopathogenic fungi. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientarum Hungarica, 17, 215–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1984). Response of differential cultivars of Lactuca sativa to Bremia lactucae isolates from Lactuca serriola. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 83, 491–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1986). Specificity of interactions between wild Lactuca species and Bremia lactucae isolates from Lactuca serriola. Journal of Phytopathology, 117, 54–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1989). Response of lettuce cultivars carrying the resistance gene Dm11 to isolates of Bremia lactucae from Lactuca serriola. Plant Breeding, 102, 311–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1990). The location of sources of field resistance to Bremia lactucae in wild Lactuca species. Plant Breeding, 105, 75–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (2002). Occurrence and variation in virulence of Bremia lactucae in natural populations of Lactuca serriola. In P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, U. Gisi, & A. Lebeda (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research (pp. 179–183). The Netherlands, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Blok, I. (1990). Sexual compatibility types of Bremia lactucae isolates originating from Lactuca serriola. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 96, 51–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Boukema, I. W. (1991). Further investigation of the specificity of interactions between wild Lactuca spp. and Bremia lactucae isolates from Lactuca serriola. Journal of Phytopathology, 133, 57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Doležalová, I., Feráková, V., & Astley, D. (2004). Geographical distribution of wild Lactuca species (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). The Botanical Review, 70, 328–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Doležalová, I., Křístková, E., Dehmer, K. J., Astley, D., van de Wiel, C. C. M., et al. (2007a). Acquisition and ecological characterization of Lactuca serriola L. germplasm collected in the Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54, 555–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Doležalová, I., Křístková, E., & Mieslerová, B. (2001b). Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 48, 153–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Petrželová, I. (2001). Occurrence and characterization of race-specific resistance to Bremia lactucae in wild Lactuca spp. In Eucarpia section genetic resources—“Broad variation and precise characterization — limitation for the future (p. 93)”. Poznań, May 16.–20. 2001—Book of abstracts.

  • Lebeda, A., & Petrželová, I. (2004a). Variation and distribution of virulence phenotypes of Bremia lactucae in natural populations of Lactuca serriola. Plant Pathology, 53, 316–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Petrželová, I. (2004b). Occurrence of race-specific resistance to Bremia lactucae in Lactuca serriola germplasm originating from four European countries. In J. Vollmann, H. Grausgruber, & P. Ruckenbauer (Eds.), Genetic variation for plant breeding (pp. 113–116). Vienna, Austria: EUCARPIA & BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Petrželová, I. (2005). Comparison of resistance to Bremia lactucae in populations of Lactuca serriola occurring in Central Europe (Czech Republic) and the British Isles (England, U.K.). In S. Bullitta (Ed.), XVII Eucarpia Genetic Resources Section Meeting; “Plant Genetic Resources of Geographical and “other” islands (Conservation, evaluation and use for plant breeding) (p. 14)”. Castelsardo (Italy), 30 March–2 April 2005; Book of Abstracts, CNR-ISPAAM, sezione Sassari, Italy.

  • Lebeda, A., & Petrželová, I. (2007). Race-specific resistance to Bremia lactucae in European populations of Lactuca serriola. In: EUCARPIA Leafy Vegetables 2007, Conference Abstracts (p. 11). 18–20 April 2007; University of Warwick, Warwick HRI, UK, 2007; Oral Presentations.

  • Lebeda, A., Petrželová, I., & Maryška, Z. (2007c). Comparative analysis of variation and dynamics of virulence of Bremia lactucae populations on Lactuca sativa and Lactuca serriola. In B. MacDonald, P. Brunner, P. Ceresini & Lebeda, A. (Eds.), Population and evolutionary biology of fungal symbionts (pp. 50–51.). Book of Abstracts, International Meeting, April 29–May 4, 2007, Ascona, Switzerland; ETHZ—Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Zurich and Palacký University in Olomouc; Zurich and Olomouc. JOLA, v.o.s., Kostelec na Hané, Czech Republic.

  • Lebeda, A., Pink, D. A. C., & Astley, D. (2002). Aspects of the interactions between wild Lactuca spp. and related genera and lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae). In P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, U. Gisi, & A. Lebeda (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research (pp. 85–117). The Netherlands, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Pink, D. A. C., & Mieslerova, B. (2001a). Host–parasite specificity and defense variability in the Lactuca spp.–Bremia lactucae pathosystem. Journal of Plant Pathology, 83, 25–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Ryder, E. J., Grube, R., Doležalová, I., & Křístková, E. (2007b). Lettuce (Asteraceae; Lactuca spp.), Chapter 9. In R. Singh (Ed.), Genetic resources, chromosome engineering, and crop improvement series, volume 3—vegetable crops (pp. 377–472). Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Schwinn, F. J. (1994). The downy mildews—an overview of recent research progress. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 101, 225–254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Syrovátko, P. (1988). Specificity of Bremia lactucae isolates from Lactuca sativa and some Asteraceae plants. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 23, 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Zinkernagel, V. (2003a). Evolution and distribution of virulence in the German population of Bremia lactucae. Plant Pathology, 52, 41–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Zinkernagel, V. (2003b). Characterization of new highly virulent German isolates of Bremia lactucae and efficiency of resistance in wild Lactuca spp. germplasm. Journal of Phytopathology, 151, 274–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindow, S. (2006). Phyllosphere microbiology: a perspective. In M. J. Bailey, A. K. Lilley, T. M. Timms-Wilson, & P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips (Eds.), Microbial ecology of aerial plant surfaces (pp. 1–20). Wallingford, UK: CABI International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisonneuve, B. (2003). Lactuca virosa, a source of disease resistance genes for lettuce breeding: results and difficulties for gene introgression. In T. J. L. van Hintum, A. Lebeda, D. A. C. Pink, & J. W. Schut (Eds.), Eucarpia leafy vegetables ‘03 (pp. 31–35). The Netherlands: CGN Wageningen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, R. B. (1974). Biology, morphology, taxonomy and disease relations of the fungus Bremia, Florida. Agricultural Experimental Station Technical Bulletin, 764, 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, J. M., & McDonald, B. A. (1993). Gene flow in plant pathosystems. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 31, 353–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, B. A., & Linde, C. (2002). Pathogen population genetics, evolutionary potential, and durable resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 40, 349–379.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michelmore, R. W. (1981). Sexual and asexual reproduction sporulation in the downy mildews. In D. M. Spencer (Ed.), The downy mildews (pp. 165–181). London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mieslerová, B., Petrželová, I., Lebeda, A., & Česneková, E. (2007). Occurrence of lettuce downy mildew and powdery mildew in natural populations of prickly lettuce. In A. Lebeda & P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research, vol. 3. Proceedings of The 2nd International Downy Mildews Symposium (pp. 59–64). v.o.s., Kostelec na Hané (Czech Republic): Palacký University in Olomouc and JOLA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, A., & Pons-Kühnemann, J. (2007). Induced resistance in natural ecosystems and pathogen population biology: exploiting interactions. In D. Walters, A. Newton, & G. Lyon (Eds.), Induced resistance for plant defence. a sustainable approach to crop protection (pp. 133–142). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Petrželová, I., & Lebeda, A. (2003). Distribution of compatibility types and occurrence of sexual reproduction in natural populations of Bremia lactucae on wild Lactuca serriola plants. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 38, 43–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrželová, I., & Lebeda, A. (2004a). Comparison of virulence of Bremia lactucae isolates originating from Lactuca sativa and Lactuca serriola. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 7, 248–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrželová, I., & Lebeda, A. (2004b). Occurrence of Bremia lactucae in natural populations of Lactuca serriola. Journal of Phytopathology, 152, 391–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrželová, I., & Lebeda, A. (2004c). Temporal and spatial variation in virulence of natural populations of Bremia lactucae occurring on Lactuca serriola. In P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips & M. Jeger (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research, vol. 2 (pp. 141–163). The Netherlands, Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherm, H., & van Bruggen, A. H. C. (1994). Weather variables associated with infection of lettuce by downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) in coastal California. Phytopathology, 84, 860–865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharaf, K., Lewinsohn, D., Nevo, E., & Beharav, A. (2007). Virulence patterns of Bremia lactucae in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 35, 100–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, H., van Bruggen, A. H. C., Subbarao, K. V., & Scherm, H. (2004). Sporulation of Bremia lactucae affected by temperature, relative humidity, and wind in controlled conditions. Phytopathology, 94, 396–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thrall, P. H., & Burdon, J. J. (2000). Effect of resistance variation in a natural plant host–pathogen metapopulation on disease dynamics. Plant Pathology, 49, 767–773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thrall, P. H., & Burdon, J. J. (2003). Evolution of virulence in a plant host–pathogen metapopulation. Science, 299, 1735–1737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thrall, P. H., & Burdon, J. J. (2004). Host–pathogen life history interactions affect biological control success. Weed Technology, 18(Suppl. S), 1735–1737.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thrall, P. H., Burdon, J. J., & Young, A. (2001). Variation in resistance and virulence among demes of a plant host–pathogen metapopulation. Journal of Ecology, 89, 736–748.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trimboli, D. S., & Crute, I. R. (1983). The specific virulence characteristics of Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew) in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 12, 58–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ettekoven, K., & Van der Arend, A. J. M. (1999). Identification and denomination of “new” races of Bremia lactucae. In A. Lebeda & E. Křístková (Eds.), Eucarpia leafy vegetables ‘99 (pp. 171–175). Olomouc, Czech Republic: Palacký University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vieira, B. S., & Barreto, R. W. (2006). First record of Bremia lactucae infecting Sonchus oleraceus and Sonchus asper in Brazil and its infectivity to lettuce. Journal of Phytopathology, 154, 84–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, S. E., & Downs, M. P. (2003). The biology of Canadian weeds. 122. Lactuca serriola L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 83, 619–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zadoks, J. C., & Schein, R. D. (1979). Epidemiology and plant disease management. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Critical reading and valuable remarks by Dr. M. P. Widrlechner (USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa, USA) and Dr. P. H. Thrall (CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia) are gratefully acknowledged. We are grateful to Dr. Milena Kršková for help with statistical analyses of the data. This research was supported by grants MSM 6198959215 and QH71229 (NAZV) and by the National Programme of Genepool Conservation of Microorganisms and Small Animals of Economic Importance of the Czech Republic.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Aleš Lebeda, Irena Petrželová & Zbyněk Maryška

Authors
  1. Aleš Lebeda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Irena Petrželová
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zbyněk Maryška
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aleš Lebeda.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lebeda, A., Petrželová, I. & Maryška, Z. Structure and variation in the wild-plant pathosystem: Lactuca serriola–Bremia lactucae . Eur J Plant Pathol 122, 127–146 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9291-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9291-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation