Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Improved Resistance Management for Durable Disease Control: A Case Study of Phoma Stem Canker of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)

  • Published:
European Journal of Plant Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Specific resistance loci in plants are generally very efficient in controlling development of pathogen populations. However, because of the strong selection pressure exerted, these resistances are often not durable. The probability of a resistance breakdown in a pathosystem depends on the evolutionary potential of the pathogen which is affected by: (i) the type of resistance (monogenic and/or polygenic), (ii) the type of reproduction of the pathogen (sexual and/or asexual), (iii) the capacity of the pathogen for dispersal, (iv) the resistance deployment strategy (pyramiding of specific resistances, mixture of cultivars, spatio-temporal alternation), (v) the size of the pathogen population, which is affected by control methods and environmental conditions. We propose the concept of Integrated Avirulence Management (IAM) to enhance the durability of specific resistances. IAM involves a strategy to limit the selection pressure exerted on pathogen populations and, at the same time, reduce the size of pathogen populations by combining cultural, physical, biological or chemical methods of control. Several breakdowns of resistance specific to Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of phoma stem canker have occurred in Europe and in Australia. This review paper examines control methods to limit the size of L. maculans populations and discusses how this limitation of population size can enhance the durability of specific resistances. It proposes pathways for the development of a spatially explicit model to define IAM strategies. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the potential uses of such a model for the oilseed rape/L. maculans pathosystem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

GM:

Genetically Modified

IAM:

Integrated Avirulence Management

References

  • A Adugna (2004) ArticleTitleAlternate approaches in deploying genes for disease resistance in crop plants Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 3 618–623

    Google Scholar 

  • JN Aubertot X Pinochet T Doré (2004a) ArticleTitleThe effects of sowing date and nitrogen availability during vegetative stages on Leptosphaeria maculans development on winter oilseed rape Crop Protection 23 635–645 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.cropro.2003.11.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aubertot JN, Pinochet X, Reau R and Doré T (2004b) SimCanker: a simulation model for containing phoma stem canker of oilseed rape through cultural practices. Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. 26 September–1 October. Brisbane, Australia. http://www. regional.org.au/au/cs/2004/

  • Barbetti MJ and Khangura RK (1999) Managing blackleg in the disease-prone environment of Western Australia. Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress, September 26–29, Canberra, Australia. http://www. regional.org.au/au/gcirc/

  • PH Beatty SE Jensen (2002) ArticleTitlePaenibacillus polymyxa produces fusaricidin-type antifungal antibiotics active against Leptosphaeria maculans, the causative agent of blackleg disease of canola Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48 159–169 Occurrence Handle10.1139/w02-002 Occurrence Handle11958569 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XivFGktLs%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Brun S Levivier I Somda D Ruer M Renard AM Chèvre (2000) ArticleTitleA field method for evaluating the potential durability of new resistance sources: Application to the Leptosphaeria maculans – Brassica napus pathosystem Phytopathology 90 961–966 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cjjslyitA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle18944519

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Brun D Ruer S Levivier I Somda AM Chèvre M Renard (2001) ArticleTitlePresence in Leptosphaeria maculans populations of isolates virulent on resistance introgressed into Brassica napus from B. nigra B genome Plant Pathology 50 69–74 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00535.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MA Caprio (2001) ArticleTitleSource-sink between transgenic and non-transgenic habitats and their role in the evolution of resistance Journal of Economic Entomology 94 698–705 Occurrence Handle11425026 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FhsFaksg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Cavan J Cussans SR Moss (2000) ArticleTitleModelling different cultivation and herbicide strategies for their effect on herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides Weed Research 40 561–568 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-3180.2000.00211.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H Cerda DJ Wright (2004) ArticleTitleModeling the spatial and temporal location of refugia to manage resistance in Bt transgenic crops Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 102 163–174 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.agee.2003.08.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BN Chakraborty U Chakraborty K Basu (1994) ArticleTitleAntagonism of Erwinia herbicola towards Leptosphaeria maculans causing blackleg disease of Brassica napus Letters in Applied Microbiology 18 74–76

    Google Scholar 

  • C Chevillon M Raymond T Guillemaud T Lenormand N Pasteur (1999) ArticleTitlePopulation genetics of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 68 147–157 Occurrence Handle10.1006/bijl.1999.0335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IR Crute (1984) ArticleTitleThe integrated use of genetic and chemical methods for control of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia-Lactucae Regel) Crop Protection 3 223–241 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0261-2194(84)90057-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C Damgaard (1999) ArticleTitleCoevolution of a plant host-pathogen gene-for-gene system in a metapopulation model without cost of resistance or cost of virulence Journal of Theoretical Biology 201 1–12 Occurrence Handle10.1006/jtbi.1999.1007 Occurrence Handle10534431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R Delourme AM Chèvre H Brun T Rouxel M Balesdent JS Dias P Salisbury M Renard SR Rimmer (2006) ArticleTitleMajor gene and polygenic resistance to L. maculans in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) European Journal of Plant Pathology 114 41–52 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10658-005-2108-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MA Waard Particlede (1993) Management of resistance to pesticides JC Zadoks (Eds) Modern Crop Protection: Development and Perspectives Wageningen Pers Wageningen, The Netherlands 53–60

    Google Scholar 

  • AJ Diggle MU Salam GJ Thomas HA Yang M O’Connell MW Sweetingham (2002) ArticleTitleAnthracnose Tracer: A spatiotemporal model for simulating the spread of anthracnose in a lupin field Phytopathology 92 1110–1121 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cjjslKltg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle18944222

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MR Finckh ES Gacek H Goyeau C Lannou C Merz CC Mundt L Munk J Nadziak AC Newton C Vallavieille-Pope Particlede MS Wolfe (2000) ArticleTitleCereal variety and species mixtures in practice, with emphasis on disease resistance Agronomie 20 813–837 Occurrence Handle10.1051/agro:2000177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BDL Fitt H Brun MJ Barbetti SR Rimmer (2006) ArticleTitleWorld-wide importance of phoma stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa) on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) European Journal of Plant Pathology 114 3–15 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10658-005-2233-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DL Gazzoni (1998) ArticleTitleModeling insect resistance to insecticides using Velvetbean Caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) as an example Pesticide Science 53 109–122 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199806)53:2<109::AID-PS722>3.0.CO;2-V Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXktFWntbk%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KE Hammond BG Lewis (1986) ArticleTitleThe timing and sequence of events leading to stem canker disease in populations of Brassica napus var. oleifera in the field Plant Pathology 35 551–564

    Google Scholar 

  • J Holt TCB Chancelor (1999) ArticleTitleModelling the spatio-temporal deployment of resistant varieties to reduce the incidence of rice tungro disease in a dynamic cropping system Plant Pathology 48 453–461 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00360.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FM Humpherson-Jones RT Burchill (1982) ArticleTitleChemical suppression of the sexual stage of Leptosphaeria maculans on oil-seed rape and turnip seed crop straw Annals of Applied Biology 100 281–288 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXhsFyh

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Hysek M Vach J Brozova E Sychrova M Civinova J Nedelnik J Hruby (2002) ArticleTitleThe influence of the application of mineral fertilizers with the biopreparation supresivit (Trichoderma harzianum) on the health and the yield of different crops Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 35 IssueID2 115–124 Occurrence Handle10.1080/03235400214211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kharbanda PD (1993) Blackleg of Canola in Alberta: Investigations on Biology, Epidemiology and Management. Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville, AB. AECV93-R5. 86 pp

  • Kharbanda PD, Yang J, Beatty P, Jensen S and Tewari JP (1999) Biocontrol of Leptosphaeria maculans and other pathogens of canola with Paenibacillus polymyxa PKB1. Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress. Canberra, Australia. http://www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/

  • S Kiyosawa (1982) ArticleTitleGenetics and epidemiological modeling of breakdown of plant disease resistance Annual Review of Phytopathology 20 93–117 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.py.20.090182.000521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Laxminarayan RD Simpson (2002) ArticleTitleRefuge strategies for managing pest resistance in transgenic agriculture Environmental and Resource Economics 22 521–536 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1019836910018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KJ Leonard (1997) Modelling gene frequency dynamics IR Crute EB Holub JJ Burdon (Eds) The Gene-for-Gene Relationship in Plant-Parasite Interactions CAB International London 211–230

    Google Scholar 

  • R LePage A Penaud (1995) ArticleTitleTout se joue avec le premier pic d’ascospores CETIOM – Oléoscope 28 23–27

    Google Scholar 

  • H Li MJ Barbetti K Sivasithamparam (2003a) ArticleTitleResponses of Brassica napus cultivars to Leptosphaeria maculans field isolates from Western Australia Brassica 5 25–34

    Google Scholar 

  • H Li K Sivasithamparam MJ Barbetti (2003b) ArticleTitleBreakdown of a Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris single dominant blackleg resistance gene in B. napus rapeseed by Leptosphaeria maculans field isolates in Australia Plant Disease 87 752

    Google Scholar 

  • H Li L Damour K Sivasithamparam MJ Barbetti (2004) ArticleTitleIncreased virulence and physiological specialization among Western Australian isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans breaking down existing single dominant gene-based resistance in six cultivars of Brassica napus Brassica 6 9–16

    Google Scholar 

  • H Li MJ Barbetti K Sivasithamparam (2005) ArticleTitleHazard from reliance on cruciferous hosts as sources of major gene based resistance for managing blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) disease Field Crops Research 91 185–191 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.fcr.2004.06.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NA Linacre CJ Thompson (2004) ArticleTitleDynamics of insect resistance in Bt-corn Ecological Modelling 171 271–278 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.08.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MF Lyngkjaer AC Newton JL Atzema SJ Baker (2000) ArticleTitleThe barley mlo-gene: An important powdery mildew resistance source Agronomie 20 745–756 Occurrence Handle10.1051/agro:2000173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maksymiak MS and Hall AM (2000) Biological control of Leptosphaeria maculans (anamorph Phoma lingam) causal agent of blackleg/canker on oil seed rape by Cyanthus striatus, a bird’s nest fungus. The BCPC Conference: Pests and Diseases, Volume 1. Proceedings of an International Conference held at the Brighton Hilton Metropole Hotel, Brighton, UK, 13–16 November, pp. 507–510

  • SJ Marcroft SJ Sprague SJ Pymer PA Salisbury BJ Howlett (2003) ArticleTitleFactors affecting production of inoculum of the blackleg fungus Leptosphaeria maculans in south-eastern Australia Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43 1231–1236 Occurrence Handle10.1071/EA02117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SJ Marcroft SJ Sprague SJ Pymer PA Salisbury BJ Howlett (2004) ArticleTitleCrop isolation, not extended rotation length, reduces blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) severity of canola (Brassica napus) in south-eastern Australia Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44 601–606 Occurrence Handle10.1071/EA03087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BA McDonald C Linde (2002) ArticleTitleThe population genetics of plant pathogens and breeding strategies for durable resistance Euphytica 124 163–180 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1015678432355 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XkslKntr4%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CC Mundt (2002) ArticleTitleUse of multiline cultivars and cultivar mixtures for disease management Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 381–410 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.011402.113723 Occurrence Handle12147765 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xos1Cltbk%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CC Mundt C Cowger K Garrett (2002) ArticleTitleRelevance of integrated management to disease durability Euphytica 124 245–252 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1015642819151 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XkslKntrk%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P Neve AJ Diggle FP Smith SB Powles (2003) ArticleTitleSimulating evolution of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum I: Population biology of a rare resistance trait Weed Research 43 404–417 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.0043-1737.2003.00358.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DW Onstad CA Guse JL Spencer E Levine ME Gray (2001) ArticleTitleModeling the dynamics of adaptation to transgenic corn by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Journal of Economic Entomology 94 529–540 Occurrence Handle11332850 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzktVCqsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.529

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JC Palumbo AR Horowitz N Prabhaker (2001) ArticleTitleInsecticidal control and resistance management for Bemisia tabaci Crop Protection 20 739–765 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00117-X Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXos1Wqu78%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JE Parlevliet (2002) ArticleTitleDurability of resistance against fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens: present situation Euphytica 124 147–156 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1015601731446 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XkslKnsbY%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VH Paul CJ Rawlinson (1992) Diseases and Pests of Rape Verlag Th. Mann Gelsenkirchen-Buer Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • SL Peck F Gould SP Ellner (1999) ArticleTitleSpread of resistance in spatially extended regions of transgenic cotton: Implications for management of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Journal of Economic Entomology 92 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Penaud A, Bernard C, Maisonneuve C, Pérès A and Pilorgé E (1999) Decision rules for a chemical control of Leptosphaeria maculans. Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress, September 26–29, Canberra, Australia. http://www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/

  • GA Petrie (1995) ArticleTitleEffects of chemicals on ascospore production by Leptosphaeria maculans on blackleg-infected canola stubble in Saskatchewan Canadian Plant Disease Survey 75 45–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Poisson B and Pérès A (1999) Study of rapeseed susceptibility to primary contamination of Leptosphaeria maculans in relation to plant vegetative stage. Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress, September 26–29, Canberra, Australia. http://www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/

  • CJ Rawlinson G Muthyalu GR Cayley (1984) ArticleTitleFungicide effects on light leaf-spot, canker, crop growth and yield of winter oil-seed rape Journal of Agricultural Science 103 613–628 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXlslKnuw%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Rouxel A Penaud X Pinochet H Brun L Gout R Delourme J Schmit MH Balesdent (2003) ArticleTitleA ten-year survey of populations of Leptosphaeria maculans in France indicates a rapid adaptation towards the Rlm1 resistance gene of oilseed rape European Journal of Plant Pathology 109 871–881 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1026189225466 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXotV2jsbg%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salam MU, Galloway J, Khangura RK, Diggle AJ, MacLeod WJ and Barbetti MJ (2001) Spatial spread of Blackleg in canola – A regional scale simulation model. Conference Proceedings, 12th Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas, Geelong, Victoria, Australia, pp. 101–105

  • MU Salam RK Khangura AJ Diggle MJ Barbetti (2003) ArticleTitleBlackleg Sporacle: A model for predicting onset of pseudothecia maturity and seasonal ascospore showers in relation to blackleg of canola Phytopathology 93 1073–1081 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cjkt1Knuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle18944090

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider O (2005) Analyse des effets du mode de gestion des résidus de colza sur l’initiation du cycle de Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces et de Not. PhD thesis Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, 93 pp

  • E Schwarzbach (1998) ArticleTitleThe mlo-based resistance of barley to mildew and the response of mildew populations to the use of varieties with the mlo gene Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 34 3–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Z Shi-Mai (1991) ArticleTitlePANCRIN, a prototype model of the pandemic cultivar-race interaction of yellow rust on wheat in China Plant Pathology 40 287–295

    Google Scholar 

  • HP Söchting JA Verreet (2004) ArticleTitleEffects of different cultivation systems (soil management, nitrogen fertilization) on the epidemics of fungal diseases in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. napus) Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 111 1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • SJ Sprague MH Balesdent H Brun HL Hayden SJ Marcroft X Pinochet T Rouxel BJ Howlett (2006) ArticleTitleMajor gene resistance in Brassica napus (oilseed rape) is overcome by changes in virulence of populations of Leptosphaeria maculans in France and Australia European Journal of Plant Pathology 114 33–40 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10658-005-3683-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NP Storer SL Peck F Gould JW Duyn ParticleVan GG Kennedy (2003) ArticleTitleSensitivity analysis of a spatially-explicit stochastic simulation model of the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt trangenic corn and cotton Journal of Economic Entomology 96 173–187 Occurrence Handle12650360

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P Sun BDL Fitt JM Steed CT Underwood JS West (2001) ArticleTitleFactors affecting development of phoma canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) on stems of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in southern England Annals of Applied Biology 139 227–242

    Google Scholar 

  • F Thürwächter V Garbe HH Hoppe (1999) ArticleTitleAscospore discharge, leaf infestation and variations in pathogenicity as criteria to predict impact of Leptosphaeria maculans on oilseed rape Journal of Phytopathology 147 215–222 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.147004215.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TK Turkington GW Clayton H Klein-Gebbinck DL Woods (2000) ArticleTitleResidue decomposition and blackleg of canola: Influence of tillage practices Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 22 150–154

    Google Scholar 

  • C Vacher D Bourguet F Rousset C Chevillon ME Hochberg (2003) ArticleTitleModelling the spatial configuration of refuges for a sustainable control of pests: A case study of Bt cotton Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16 378–387 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00553.x Occurrence Handle14635838 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3srlsFOktw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F Bosch Particlevan den CA Gilligan (2003) ArticleTitleMeasures of durability of resistance Phytopathology 93 616–625 Occurrence Handle18942985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JS West PD Kharbanda MJ Barbetti BDL Fitt (2001) ArticleTitleEpidemiology and management of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) on oilseed rape in Australia, Canada and Europe Plant Pathology 50 10–27 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00546.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JS West BDL Fitt PK Leech JE Biddulph Y-J Huang MH Balesdent (2002) ArticleTitleEffects of timing of Leptosphaeria maculans ascospore release and fungicide regime on phoma leaf spot and phoma stem canker development on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in southern England Plant Pathology 51 454–463 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00726.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AD Wherrett K Sivasithamparam MJ Barbetti (2003) ArticleTitleChemical manipulation of Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg disease) pseudothecial development and timing of ascospore discharge from canola (Brassica napus) residues Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54 837–848 Occurrence Handle10.1071/AR03056 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptVCntLs%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AD Wherrett K Sivasithamparam MJ Barbetti (2004) ArticleTitleEstablishing the relationship of ascospore loads with blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) severity on canola (Brassica napus) Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55 849–854 Occurrence Handle10.1071/AR04026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MS Wolfe (1984) ArticleTitleTrying to understand and control powdery mildew Plant Pathology 33 451–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Y Zhou BDL Fitt SJ Welham P Gladders CE Sansford JS West (1999) ArticleTitleEffects of severity and timing of stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) symptoms on yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in the UK European Journal of Plant Pathology 105 715–728 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1008761219493

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UMR d’Agronomie INRA/INA P-G, BP 1, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France

    J. N. Aubertot

  2. Rothamsted Research, AL5 2JQ, Harpenden, UK

    J. S. West

  3. UMR BIO3P INRA/Agrocampus Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France

    L. Bousset-Vaslin

  4. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Centre for Cropping Systems, P.O. Box 483, 6401, Northam, WA, Australia

    M. U. Salam

  5. School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia

    M. J. Barbetti

  6. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Baron-Hay Court, 6151, South Perth, WA, Australia

    A. J. Diggle

Authors
  1. J. N. Aubertot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. S. West
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. Bousset-Vaslin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. U. Salam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. J. Barbetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. J. Diggle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. N. Aubertot.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Aubertot, J.N., West, J.S., Bousset-Vaslin, L. et al. Improved Resistance Management for Durable Disease Control: A Case Study of Phoma Stem Canker of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus). Eur J Plant Pathol 114, 91–106 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-005-3628-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-005-3628-z

Key words

Search

Navigation