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Coffee consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a pooled analysis of 501,604 participants from 12 cohort studies in the BLadder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants (BLEND) international study

European Journal of Epidemiology volume 35, pages 523–535 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Recent epidemiological studies have shown varying associations between coffee consumption and bladder cancer (BC). This research aims to elucidate the association between coffee consumption and BC risk by bringing together worldwide cohort studies on this topic. Coffee consumption in relation to BC risk was examined by pooling individual data from 12 cohort studies, comprising of 2601 cases out of 501,604 participants. Pooled multivariate hazard ratios (HRs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were obtained using multilevel Weibull regression models. Furthermore, dose–response relationships were examined using generalized least squares regression models. The association between coffee consumption and BC risk showed interaction with sex (P-interaction < 0.001) and smoking (P-interaction = 0.001). Therefore, analyses were stratified by sex and smoking. After adjustment for potential confounders, an increased BC risk was shown for high (> 500 ml/day, equivalent to > 4 cups/day) coffee consumption compared to never consumers among male smokers (current smokers: HR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.27–2.42, P-trend = 0.002; former smokers: HR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.12–1.85, P-trend = 0.001). In addition, dose–response analyses, in male smokers also showed an increased BC risk for coffee consumption of more than 500 ml/day (4 cups/day), with the risk of one cup (125 ml) increment as 1.07 (95% CI 1.06–1.08). This research suggests that positive associations between coffee consumption and BC among male smokers but not never smokers and females. The inconsistent results between sexes and the absence of an association in never smokers indicate that the associations found among male smokers is unlikely to be causal and is possibly caused by residual confounding of smoking.

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Fig. 1

Abbreviations

BLEND:

BLadder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants

BC:

Bladder cancer

GLS:

Generalized least squares

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

EPIC:

European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Cohort Studies

NLCS:

NetherLands Cohort Study

VITAL:

VITamins And Lifestyle cohort study

RERF-LSS:

Radiation Effects Research Foundation-Life Span Study

FFQ:

Food frequency questionnaires

ICD-O:

International classification of diseases for oncology

NMIBC:

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

MIBC:

Muscle invasive bladder cancer

HR:

Hazard ratio

CI:

Confidence interval

CYP1A2:

Cytochrome P450 1A2

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

ATM:

Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated

BMI:

Body Mass Index

SES:

Socioeconomic status

ml:

Millilitre

kcal:

Kilocalorie

g:

Gram

mg:

Microgram

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge all principal investigators for their willingness to participate in this jointed project. The author E Y.W. Yu gives thanks to the financial support from China Scholarship Council (No. 201706310135).

Funding

This work was partly funded by the World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF 2012/590) and European Commission (FP7-PEOPLE-618308). The NetherLands Cohort Study on diet and cancer was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society. The RERF atomic bomb survivors Study was supported by The Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, a public interest foundation funded by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) and the US Department of Energy (DOE). The research was also funded in part through DOE award DE-HS0000031 to the National Academy of Sciences. This publication was supported by RERF Research Protocol RP-A5-12. The VITamins and Lifestyle Study (VITAL) was supported by a Grant (R01CA74846) from the National Cancer Institute. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) was carried out with financial support of the ‘Europe Against Cancer’ Programme of the European Commission (SANCO); Ligue contre le Cancer (France); Société 3 M (France); Mutuelle Générale de l’Éducation Nationale; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Institute Gustave Roussy; German Cancer Aid; German Cancer Research Centre; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health; the Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra; Cancer Research UK; Medical Research Council, UK; Stroke Association, UK; British Heart Foundation; Department of Health, UK; Food Standards Agency, UK; Wellcome Trust, UK; Greek Ministry of Health; Greek Ministry of Education; Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Italian National Research Council; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports; Dutch Prevention Funds; LK Research Funds; Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland); World Cancer Research Fund; Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Scientific Council; Regional Government of Skane, Sweden; Norwegian Cancer Society; Norwegian Research Council. Partial support for the publication of this supplement was provided by the Centre de Recherche et d’Information Nutritionnelles (CERIN).

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Author notes

  1. Evan Y. W. Yu and Yanan Dai have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40 (Room C5.570), 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Evan Y. W. Yu, Yanan Dai, Anke Wesselius, Frits van Osch, Maree Brinkman & Maurice P. Zeegers

  2. Department of Clinical Studies and Nutritional Epidemiology, Nutrition Biomed Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia

    Maree Brinkman

  3. Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia

    Maree Brinkman

  4. Department of Epidemiology, Schools for Oncology and Developmental Biology and Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Piet van den Brandt

  5. Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan

    Eric J. Grant

  6. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA

    Emily White

  7. International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization, Lyon, France

    Elisabete Weiderpass, Marc Gunter & Bertrand Hemon

  8. CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Maurice P. Zeegers

  9. School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Maurice P. Zeegers

Authors
  1. Evan Y. W. Yu
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  2. Yanan Dai
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  3. Anke Wesselius
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  4. Frits van Osch
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  5. Maree Brinkman
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  6. Piet van den Brandt
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  7. Eric J. Grant
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  8. Emily White
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  9. Elisabete Weiderpass
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  10. Marc Gunter
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  11. Bertrand Hemon
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  12. Maurice P. Zeegers
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Contributions

Study conception and design: AW and MPZ; Analyses and interpretation of data: EYY and YD; Drafting of the manuscript: EYY and YD; Revised the manuscript: AW, FVO, MB and MPZ; Provided the data: PvdB, EG, EW, EW, MG, BH; Approved the manuscript: all authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anke Wesselius.

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Conflict of interest

All the authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Each participating study has been approved by the local ethic committee. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in each study.

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Yu, E.Y.W., Dai, Y., Wesselius, A. et al. Coffee consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a pooled analysis of 501,604 participants from 12 cohort studies in the BLadder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants (BLEND) international study. Eur J Epidemiol 35, 523–535 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00597-0

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Keywords

  • Bladder cancer
  • Coffee consumption
  • Smoking
  • Dose–response analyses
  • Cohort study