Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sediment–water exchange and risk assessment of pesticidal persistent organic pollutants in Bharathappuzha and Periyar Riverine region along the Arabian Sea

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Environmental Geochemistry and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Considering the extensive agricultural practices along the perennial rivers, viz. Periyar and Bharathappuzha of Kerala in the southwest coast of India, the first comprehensive surveillance of new and legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediment was conducted. Further, the sediment–water exchange fluxes have been elucidated. Mean concentrations of total HCH, DDT and endosulfan were 0.84 ng/g, 0.42 ng/g and 0.30 ng/g for Bharathappuzha Riverine sediment (BRS) and 1.08 ng/g, 0.39 ng/g and 0.35 ng/g for Periyar Riverine sediment (PRS). The dominance α-HCH and β-HCH isomers in PRS and BRS reflect the ongoing use of technical HCH in Kerala. The calculated KSW in both rivers was very low in comparison with other Indian rivers. The average log K′OC for all the detected OCPs in both the rivers was lower than the predicted log KOC in equilibrium indicating the higher adherence of OCPs to sediment. Furthermore, fugacity fraction (fs/fw) was < 1.0 for all OCPs confirming the net deposition of OCPs into the sediment. Sediment concentrations for each of the OCPs in PRS and BRS did not surpass the threshold effect level and probable effect level as stipulated by the Canadian Council of Ministry of the Environment Guidelines. In addition, all the sites of both rivers had sediment quality guideline quotient (SQGQ) values below 0.1 indicating the absence of significant biological and ecological risks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aamir, M., Khan, S., Niu, L., Zhu, S., & Khan, A. (2017). Occurrence, enantiomeric signature and ecotoxicological risk assessment of HCH isomers and DDT metabolites in the sediments of Kabul River, Pakistan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 39, 779–790.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arisekar, U., Shakila, R. J., Jeyasekaran, G., Shalini, R., Kumar, P., Malani, A. H., & Rani, V. (2019). Accumulation of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide residues in fish, water, and sediments in the Thamirabarani river system of southern peninsular India. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 11, 100194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR (2015). Toxicological profile for endosulfan: U.S. department of health and human services, public health service agency for toxic substances and disease registry

  • Baqar, M., Sadef, Y., Ahmad, S. R., Mahmood, A., Li, J., & Zhang, G. (2018). Organochlorine pesticides across the tributaries of River Ravi, Pakistan: Human health risk assessment through dermal exposure, ecological risks, source fingerprints and spatio-temporal distribution. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 291–305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barakat, A. O., Khairy, M., & Aukaily, I. (2013). Persistent organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in surface sediments of Lake Qarun, a protected area of Egypt. Chemosphere, 90(9), 2467–2476.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barletta, M., Lima, A. R., & Costa, M. F. (2019). Distribution, sources and consequences of nutrients, persistent organic pollutants, metals and microplastics in South American estuaries. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 1199–1218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camacho-Morales, R. L. & Sánchez, J. E. (2016). Mushroom biotechnology (pp. 203–214). Elsevier

  • CCME (2001). Canadian Council of Ministry of the Environment ,Canadian environmental quality guidelines (CEQGs) for the quality of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Avialable at: https://ccme.ca/en/current-activities/canadian-environmental-quality-guidelines

  • Chakraborty, P., Mukhopadhyay, M., Sampath, S., Ramaswamy, B. R., Katsoyiannis, A., Cincinelli, A., & Snow, D. (2019). Organic micropollutants in the surface riverine sediment along the lower stretch of the transboundary river Ganga: Occurrences, sources and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 249, 1071–1080.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, K., Cai, M., Wang, Y., Chen, B., Li, X., Qiu, C., Huang, S., Sun, J., Liu, X., & Qian, B. (2020). Organochlorine pesticides in sediment of Zhang River estuary mangrove national natural reserve: The implication of its source change in China’s mangroves. Sustainability, 12(7), 3016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L., Huang, Y., Peng, X., Xu, Z., Zhang, S., Ren, M., Ye, Z., & Wang, X. (2009). PBDEs in sediments of the Beijiang River, China: Levels, distribution, and influence of total organic carbon. Chemosphere, 76(2), 226–231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W., Jing, M., Bu, J., Ellis Burnet, J., Qi, S., Song, Q., Ke, Y., Miao, J., Liu, M., & Yang, C. (2011). Organochlorine pesticides in the surface water and sediments from the Peacock River Drainage basin in Xinjiang, China: A study of an arid zone in Central Asia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177, 1–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. M., Neuparth, T. S., Caeiro, S., Lobo, J., Martins, M., Ferreira, A. M., Caetano, M., Vale, C., DelValls, T. Á., & Costa, M. H. (2011). Assessment of the genotoxic potential of contaminated estuarine sediments in fish peripheral blood: Laboratory versus in situ studies. Environmental Research, 111(1), 25–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CSQGPA (2002). Canadian sediment qualityguidelines for the protection of aquatic life

  • Dai, G.-H., Liu, X.-H., Liang, G., & Gong, W.-W. (2014). Evaluating the exchange of DDTs between sediment and water in a major lake in North China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 4516–4526.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dirbaba, N. B., Li, S., Wu, H., Yan, X., & Wang, J. (2018). Organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in surficial sediments of the Awash River basin, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 13(10), e0205026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doong, R.-A., Sun, Y.-C., Liao, P.-L., Peng, C.-K., & Wu, S.-C. (2002). Distribution and fate of organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments from the selected rivers in Taiwan. Chemosphere, 48(2), 237–246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ENVIS (2023). EIACP PC hub: Kerala state of environment and related issues hosted by Kerala state council for science, technology and environment

  • Eqani, S.A.-M.-A.-S., Malik, R. N., & Mohammad, A. (2011). The level and distribution of selected organochlorine pesticides in sediments from River Chenab, Pakistan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 33, 33–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gandla, V., Chiluka, M., Gupta, H., Sinha, S. N., & Chakraborty, P. (2023). Sediment-water partitioning and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides along the urban, peri-urban and rural transects of Krishna River basin, Peninsular India. Science of the Total Environment, 874, 162360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GoI (2011). Government of India, the endosulfan pesticide (Prohibition) bill, bill no. XXIV of 2011, Avialable at: https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/RSBillTexts/Asintroduced/Endo.pdf?source=legislation#:~:text=(3)%20Whoever%20manufactures%2C%20sells,lakh%20rupees%20or%20with%20both.

  • GoI (2023). Consumption of chemical pesticides in various states/UTs during 2017–18 to 2021–22

  • Gopalan, N. K., & Chenicherry, S. (2018). Fate and distribution of organochlorine insecticides (OCIs) in Palakkad soil, India. Sustainable Environment Research, 28(4), 179–185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashmi, T. A., Qureshi, R., Tipre, D., & Menon, S. (2020). Investigation of pesticide residues in water, sediments and fish samples from Tapi River, India as a case study and its forensic significance. Environmental Forensics, 21(1), 1–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He, Y., Guo, C., Lv, J. et al. Occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of three classes of insecticides in sediments of the Liaohe River basin, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 28, 62726–62735 (2021)

  • Hu, Y., Yuan, L., Qi, S., Liu, H., & Xing, X. (2014). Contamination of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments from a waterbird-inhabited lake, East central China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 9376–9384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H.-J., Liu, S.-M., & Kuo, C.-E. (2001). Anaerobic biodegradation of DDT residues (DDT, DDD, and DDE) in estuarine sediment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 36(3), 273–288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y., Zhang, R., Li, K., Cheng, Z., Zhong, G., Zhang, G., & Li, J. (2017). Experimental study on the role of sedimentation and degradation processes on atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants in a subtropical water column. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(8), 4424–4433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussen, A., Megersa, N., & Jönsson, J. Å. (2017). Effect of aging organochlorine pesticides in various soil types on their extractability using selective pressurized liquid extraction. Journal of Environmental Protection, 8(08), 867.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M. A. S., Hossain, M. E., & Majed, N. (2021). Assessment of physicochemical properties and comparative pollution status of the Dhaleshwari River in Bangladesh. Earth, 2(4), 696–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, X., Liu, Y., Qiao, X., Guo, R., Liu, C., Wang, X., & Zhao, X. (2019). Risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in drinking water source of the Yangtze River. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 182, 109390.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jisha, K. (2020) Vascular plant diversity of riparian system along Thutha River, Kerala

  • Kengara, F. O., Schramm, K.-W., Doerfler, U., Munch, J. C., Henkelmann, B., Welzl, G., Bernhoeft, S., Hense, B., & Schroll, R. (2010). Degradation capacity of a 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene mineralizing microbial community for traces of organochlorine pesticides. Science of the Total Environment, 408(16), 3359–3366.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KERENVIS (2023).EIACP PC Hub: Kerala state of environment and related issues hosted by Kerala state council for science, technology and environment sponsored by ministry of environment, forests & climate change, Govt of India. Periyar

  • Khuman, S. N., Bharat, G., & Chakraborty, P. (2020a). Spatial distribution and sources of pesticidal persistent organic pollutants in the Hooghly riverine sediment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 4137–4147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khuman, S. N., Vinod, P., Bharat, G., Kumar, Y. M., & Chakraborty, P. (2020b). Spatial distribution and compositional profiles of organochlorine pesticides in the surface soil from the agricultural, coastal and backwater transects along the south-west coast of India. Chemosphere, 254, 126699.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilic, S. G., & Aral, M. M. (2009). A fugacity based continuous and dynamic fate and transport model for river networks and its application to Altamaha River. Science of the Total Environment, 407(12), 3855–3866.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KSPCB (2019). Action plan for rejuvenation of stretch of River Periyar-Alwaye-Eloor to Kalamassery (Priority-V)

  • Kuranchie-Mensah, H., Atiemo, S. M., Palm, L.M.N.-D., Blankson-Arthur, S., Tutu, A. O., & Fosu, P. (2012). Determination of organochlorine pesticide residue in sediment and water from the Densu River basin, Ghana. Chemosphere, 86(3), 286–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long, E., & MacDonald, D. (1998). Recommended uses of empirically derived, sediment quality guidelines for marine and estuarine ecosystems. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 4(5), 1019–1039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, M., Zeng, D.-C., Liao, Y., & Tong, B. (2012). Distribution and characterization of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Poyang Lake, China. Science of the Total Environment, 433, 491–497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malik, A., Ojha, P., & Singh, K. P. (2009). Levels and distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediments of Gomti River (India)—a tributary of the Ganges River. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 148, 421–435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, S., Corsolini, S., Pozo, K., Audy, O., Sarkar, S. K., & Biswas, J. K. (2019). Characterization, source identification and risk associated with polyaromatic and chlorinated organic contaminants (PAHs, PCBs, PCBzs and OCPs) in the surface sediments of Hooghly estuary, India. Chemosphere, 221, 154–165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narayana, A. (2006). Rainfall variability and its impact on the sediment discharge from the rivers of Kerala Region, Southwestern India. Journal-Geological Society of India, 68(3), 549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndunda, E. N., Madadi, V. O., & Wandiga, S. O. (2018). Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediment and water from Nairobi River, Kenya: Levels, distribution, and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 34510–34518.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noegrohati, S., & Hadi, S. (2008). Fate and behavior of organochlorine pesticides in the Indonesian tropical climate: A study in the Segara Anakan estuarine ecosystem. CLEAN—Soil, Air, Water, 36(9), 767–774.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyantakyi, J. A., Wiafe, S., & Akoto, O. (2022). Seasonal changes in pesticide residues in water and sediments from River Tano, Ghana. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2022(9), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogbeide, O., Tongo, I., & Ezemonye, L. (2015). Risk assessment of agricultural pesticides in water, sediment, and fish from Owan River, Edo State, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 1–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, A. H., Cavalcante, R. M., Duaví, W. C., Fernandes, G. M., Nascimento, R. F., Queiroz, M. E., & Mendonça, K. V. (2016). The legacy of organochlorine pesticide usage in a tropical semi-arid region (Jaguaribe River, Ceará, Brazil): Implications of the influence of sediment parameters on occurrence, distribution and fate. Science of the Total Environment, 542, 254–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandit, G., Sahu, S., & Sadasivan, S. (2002). Distribution of HCH and DDT in the coastal marine environment of Mumbai, India. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4(3), 431–434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parnis, J. M., & Mackay, D. (2020). Multimedia environmental models: The fugacity approach. CRC Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Parween, M., Ramanathan, A., Khillare, P., & Raju, N. (2014). Persistence, variance and toxic levels of organochlorine pesticides in fluvial sediments and the role of black carbon in their retention. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 6525–6546.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pazou, E. Y. A., Lalèyè, P., Boko, M., Van Gestel, C. A., Ahissou, H., Akpona, S., Van Hattum, B., Swart, K., & Van Straalen, N. M. (2006). Contamination of fish by organochlorine pesticide residues in the Ouémé River catchment in the Republic of Bénin. Environment International, 32(5), 594–599.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qadeer, A., Liu, S., Liu, M., Liu, X., Ajmal, Z., Huang, Y., Jing, Y., Khalil, S. K., Zhao, D., & Weining, D. (2019). Historically linked residues profile of OCPs and PCBs in surface sediments of typical urban river networks, Shanghai: Ecotoxicological state and sources. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1070–1078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raj, P. N., & Azeez, P. (2010). Land use and land cover changes in a tropical river basin: A case from Bharathapuzha River basin, southern India. Journal of Geographic Information System, 2(04), 185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rex, K. R., & Chakraborty, P. (2022). Legacy and new chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in the rivers of south India: Occurrences, sources, variations before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 437, 129262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, L., & Wania, F. (2005). Compilation, evaluation, and selection of physical−chemical property data for organochlorine pesticides. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 50(3), 742–768.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shivaramaiah, H., Sanchez-Bayo, F., Al-Rifai, J., & Kennedy, I. (2005). The fate of endosulfan in water. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 40(5), 711–720.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shreadah, M. A., Said, T. O., Othman, I. M., & Fathallah, E. M. (2012). Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in sediments along the semi-closed areas of Alexandria, Egypt. Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(02), 141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sponsored by Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Govt of India, Bharathappuzha.

  • Stringer, R., Labunska, I., & Brigden, K. (Eds.). (2003). Pollution from Hindustan Insecticides Ltd and other factories in Kerala, India: a follow-up study. UK: Green Peace research laboratories.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, J., Feng, J., Liu, Q., & Li, Q. (2010). Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from upper reach of Huaihe River, East China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 184(1–3), 141–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Syed, J. H., Malik, R. N., Li, J., Chaemfa, C., Zhang, G., & Jones, K. C. (2014). Status, distribution and ecological risk of organochlorines (OCs) in the surface sediments from the Ravi River, Pakistan. Science of the Total Environment, 472, 204–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, D., Liu, X., He, H., Cui, Z., Gan, H., & Xia, Z. (2020). Distribution, sources and ecological risks of organochlorine compounds (DDTs, HCHs and PCBs) in surface sediments from the Pearl River estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 152, 110942.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taufeeq, A., Baqar, M., Sharif, F., Mumtaz, M., Ullah, S., Aslam, S., Qadir, A., Majid, M., & Jun, H. (2021). Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and health risk in tobacco farming associated with River Barandu of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 38774–38791.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toteja, G., Mukherjee, A., Diwakar, S., Singh, P., & Saxena, B. (2003). Residues of DDT and HCH pesticides in rice samples from different geographical regions of India: A multicentre study. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20(10), 933–939.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Udayakumar, P., Jose, J. J., Krishnan, K. A., Kumar, C. R., Manju, M., & Salas, P. (2014). Heavy metal accumulation in the surficial sediments along southwest coast of India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 72, 1887–1900.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2007). Method 3546: Microwave extraction, part of test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical method. Avialable at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-12/documents/3546.pdf

  • Van Drooge, B. L., Grimalt, J. O., Camarero, L., Catalan, J., Stuchlík, E., & Torres García, C. J. (2004). Atmospheric semivolatile organochlorine compounds in European high-mountain areas (central Pyrenees and high Tatras). Environmental Science & Technology, 38(13), 3525–3532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vellaram, S. (ed) (2023). Centre launches Periyar river conservation project: Periyar is among six rivers that are being covered under the National River Conservation Plan. Hindu

  • Wang, G.-L., Ma, L.-M., Sun, J.-H., & Zhang, G. (2010). Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (DDT and HCH) in sediments from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 168, 511–521.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., Bai, J., Zhang, G., Wang, X., Jia, J., Cui, B., & Liu, X. (2017). Depth-distribution, possible sources, and toxic risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in different river sediment cores affected by urbanization and reclamation in a Chinese delta. Environmental Pollution, 230, 1062–1072.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, J., Halsall, C. J., Muir, D., Teixeira, C., Small, J., Solomon, K., Hermanson, M., Hung, H., & Bidleman, T. (2010). Endosulfan, a global pesticide: A review of its fate in the environment and occurrence in the Arctic. Science of the Total Environment, 408(15), 2966–2984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z., Huang, J., Yu, G., & Hong, H. (2004). Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 130(2), 249–261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, R., Zhu, L., Yang, K., & Chen, Y. (2006). Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from Qiantang River, East China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(1), 68–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, S., Yang, H., Zhang, A., Li, Y.-F., & Liu, W. (2014). Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Yangtze River estuary and the adjacent East China Sea: Implication of transport, sources and trends. Chemosphere, 114, 26–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

PC was supported by the India-Norway cooperation project on capacity building for reducing plastic and chemical pollution in India (INOPOL), Royal Norwegian Embassy in New Delhi, Project number 220260 IND-22/0007. PC would like to acknowledge the internal funding to the centre REACH from the Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology. 

Funding

This work was supported by the internal fund for the centre REACH from the Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology and India-Norway cooperation project on capacity building for reducing plastic and chemical pollution in India (INOPOL), Project number 220260, IND-22/0007.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India

    K. Ronnie Rex

  2. Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate CHange (REACH), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India

    K. Ronnie Rex & Paromita Chakraborty

  3. UNESCO Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

    Paromita Chakraborty

  4. GeoVin Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    P. G. Vinod

  5. Neuvo Chakra (OPC) Pvt. Ltd., Vasai, India

    P. G. Vinod

  6. Liquid Waste Management Division, Suchitwa Mission, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    K. S. Praveen

Authors
  1. K. Ronnie Rex
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. G. Vinod
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. S. Praveen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paromita Chakraborty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

KRR was responsible for formal analysis, data curation and writing—original draft. PGV and KSP were involved in sampling and editing. PC contributed to conceptualization, methodology, software, supervision, writing—reviewing and editing, and funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paromita Chakraborty.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 187 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rex, K.R., Vinod, P.G., Praveen, K.S. et al. Sediment–water exchange and risk assessment of pesticidal persistent organic pollutants in Bharathappuzha and Periyar Riverine region along the Arabian Sea. Environ Geochem Health 46, 144 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01911-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01911-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation