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Spatial distribution of Pb and Zn in soils under native vegetation in Southeast Brazil

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Abstract

Heavy metals can play an important biological role as micronutrients but also as potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Understanding the natural concentrations of PTEs-Pb and Zn included-in soils allows for the identification and monitoring of contaminated areas and their role in environmental risk assessment. In this study, we aim to determine semi-total or natural and available concentrations of Pb and Zn in topsoils (0–20 cm depth) from 337 samples under native vegetation in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Additionally, we sought to interpret the spatial geochemical variability using geostatistical techniques and quality reference values for these elements in soils were established. The semi-total concentrations were determined by flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption after microwave-assisted nitric acid digestion method. The available concentrations were extracted using the Mehlich-I extractor and determined by atomic absorption spectrometer. Spatial variability was modeled using semivariance estimators: Matheron’s classic, Cressie and Hawkins’ robust, and Cressie median estimators, the last two being less sensitive to extreme values. This allowed the construction of digital maps through kriging of semi-total Pb and Zn contents using the median estimator, as well as other soil properties by the robust estimator. The dominance of acidic pH and low CEC values reflects highly weathered low-fertility soils. Semi-total Pb contents ranged from 2.1 to 278 mg kg−1 (median: 9.35 mg kg−1) whereas semi-total Zn contents ranged from 2.7 to 495 mg kg−1 (median: 7.7 mg kg−1). The available Pb contents ranged from 0.1 to 6.92 mg kg−1 (median: 0.54 mg kg−1) whereas available Zn contents ranged from 0.1 to 78.2 mg kg−1 (median: 0.32 mg kg−1). The highest Pb and Zn concentrations were observed near Januária, in the northern part of the territory, probably on limestone rocks from the Bambuí group. Finally, the QRVs for Pb and Zn in natural soils were lower than their background values from other Brazilian region and below the prevention values suggested by Brazilian environmental regulations.

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Acknowledgements

The authors recognize the support of the Department of Soil Science at the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), and the Minas Gerais State Foundation (FAPEMIG) for providing financial support and scholarship to carry out this research.

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  1. Department of Soil Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Alba L. A. Skorupa, Fábio H. A. Bispo, Shirlei A. Assunção, Jakeline R. Oliveira, Francielle R. D. Lima, Luiz R. G. Guilherme, Yuri L. Zinn & João José Marques

  2. Department of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Marcília B. Teixeira

  3. Department of Forest Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    José R. S. Scolforo

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Author Contributions Section All authors contributed to the manuscript. ALAS: conceptualization—formulation of the research goals and aims, methodology—development of laboratory analysis; Formal analysis - Application of statistical techniques to analyze the data; Investigation - Conducting the research and investigation process, data collection; Writing - original draft—preparation, creation, and presentation of the published work, writing the initial draft; writing—review & editing—critical review, commentaries, and revision, in all stages of the manuscript. FHAB: conceptualization—formulation of research goals and aims; formal analysis—application of statistical techniques to analyze the data; investigation—conducting the research and investigation process, data collection; writing—review & editing—critical review, commentaries, and revision of the final draft. SAA: methodology—development of laboratory analysis; formal analysis—application of statistical techniques to analyze the data; investigation—conducting the research and investigation process, data collection; writing—review & editing—critical review, commentaries, and revision of initial and final drafts. FRDL and JRO: conceptualization—formulation of research goals and aims; methodology—development of laboratory analysis; formal analysis—application of statistical techniques to analyze the data; investigation—conducting the research and investigation process, data collection; writing—review & editing—critical review, commentaries, and revision of initial and final drafts. MBT, JRSS, and YLZ: methodology—formulation of laboratory analysis; writing—review & editing—critical review, commentaries, and revision of the final draft. LRGG and JJM: conceptualization—formulation of research goals and aims; investigation—conducting the research and investigation process, data collection; resources—Provision of materials and reagents of laboratory; writing—review & editing—critical review, commentaries, and revision in all publication stages; supervision—oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity; planning and execution, including mentorship to the core team; project administration—management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution; funding acquisition—acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.

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Correspondence to João José Marques.

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Alba L. A. Skorupa: in memoriam.

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Skorupa, A.L.A., Bispo, F.H.A., Assunção, S.A. et al. Spatial distribution of Pb and Zn in soils under native vegetation in Southeast Brazil. Environ Geochem Health 46, 84 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01859-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01859-x

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