Abstract
The previous studies have shown that iron–manganese co-oxide film (MeOx) could simultaneously remove ammonium, manganese ion and bisphenol A. In this study, the removal of fulvic acid (FA) was explored by adding potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) to heighten the catalytic activity of MeOx. After adding about 3.0 mg/L potassium ferrate, the elimination efficiency of 7.0 mg/L FA by the MeOx increased from 20 to 50%. The effects of temperature and ammonium on the elimination of FA were investigated. Higher temperature (above 22 °C) and higher ammonium concentration (above 2.0 mg/L) caused a decrease in FA removal. Most of FA combined with the ferric hydroxide colloid produced by K2FeO4 in water to form macromolecular groups, and they were subsequently absorbed and covered on the surface of MeOx. Scanning electron microscope showed that more viscous flocs appeared on the surface of MeOx, and the film thickness became thicker. Electron energy-dispersive spectrometer analysis revealed a notable increased in the C–O element ratio and a significant decreased in the Mn–Fe element ratio on the surface of MeOx. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the content of transition metal carbonyl compounds increased in the surface of MeOx. XPS analysis confirmed that the presence of Fe3O4, FeO, Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 along with functional group substances of FA attached on the surface of MeOx. The removal mechanism of FA was studied.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ansell, R. O., Dickinson, T., & Povey, A. F. (1978). An X-ray photo-electron spectroscopic study of the films on coloured stainless steel and coloured ‘Nilomag’alloy 771. Corrosion Science, 18, 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(78)80021-3
Aoki, A. (1976). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies on ZnS: MnF2 phosphors. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 15, 305. https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.15.305
Bare, S. R., Griffiths, K., Lennard, W. N., & Tang, H. T. (1995). Generation of atomic oxygen on Ag (111) and Ag (110) using NO2: A TPD, LEED, HREELS, XPS and NRA study. Surface Science, 342, 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(95)00670-2
Barr, T. L. (1983). An XPS study of Si as it occurs in adsorbents, catalysts, and thin films. Applications of Surface Science, 15, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5963(83)90003-X
Beamson, G., & Briggs, D. (1992). High resolution monochromated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of organic polymers: A comparison between solid state data for organic polymers and gas phase data for small molecules. Molecular Physics, 76, 919–936. https://doi.org/10.1080/00268979200101761
Chao, S. S., Takagi, Y., Lucovsky, G., Pai, P., Custer, R. C., Tyler, J. E., & Keem, J. E. (1986). Chemical states study of Si in SiOx films grown by PECVD. Applied Surface Science, 26, 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(86)90128-5
Cheng, Y., Xiong, W., & Huang, T. (2020). Catalytic oxidation removal of manganese from groundwater by iron–manganese co-oxide filter films under anaerobic conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 737, 139525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139525
Di Castro, V., & Polzonetti, G. (1989). XPS study of MnO oxidation. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 48, 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(89)80009-X
Fu, J., Ji, M., Wang, Z., Jin, D., & An, D. (2006). A new submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor (SMPR) for fulvic acid removal using a nano-structured photocatalyst. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 131, 238–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.09.039
Guo, Y., Huang, T., Wen, G., & Cao, X. (2017). The simultaneous removal of ammonium and manganese from groundwater by iron-manganese co-oxide filter film: The role of chemical catalytic oxidation for ammonium removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 308, 322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.073
Guo, Y., Ma, B., Huang, J., Yang, J., & Zhang, R. (2022a). The simultaneous removal of bisphenol A, manganese and ammonium from groundwater by MeOx: The role of chemical catalytic oxidation for bisphenol A. Water Supply, 22, 2106–2116. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.295
Guo, Y., Ma, B., Yuan, S., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, R., & Liu, L. (2022b). Simultaneous removal of CODMn and ammonium from water by potassium ferrate-enhanced iron-manganese co-oxide film. Water, 14, 2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172651
Hu, M., Wu, W., Lin, D., & Yang, K. (2022). Adsorption of fulvic acid on mesopore-rich activated carbon with high surface area. Science of the Total Environment, 838, 155918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155918
Landis, W. J., & Martin, J. R. (1984). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy applied to gold-decorated mineral standards of biological interest. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology a: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 2, 1108–1111. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.572680
Lebugle, A., Axelsson, U., Nyholm, R., & Mårtensson, N. (1981). Experimental L and M core level binding energies for the metals 22Ti to 30Zn. Physica Scripta, 23, 825. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/23/5A/013
Lim, M., & Kim, M. J. (2009). Removal of natural organic matter from river water using potassium ferrate (VI). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 200, 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9902-x
Ma, D., Gao, B., Sun, S., Wang, Y., Yue, Q., & Li, Q. (2013). Effects of dissolved organic matter size fractions on trihalomethanes formation in MBR effluents during chlorine disinfection. Bioresource Technology, 136, 535–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.002
Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Oktiani, R., & Ragadhita, R. (2019). How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 4, 97–118. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
Oku, M., & Hirokawa, K. (1976). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of Co3O4, Fe3O4, Mn3O4, and related compounds. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 8, 475–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(76)80034-5
Sanchez, R. M. T., Curt, E. M., Volzone, C., Mercader, R. C., & Cavalieri, A. L. (1990). Study of Fe(II) oxidation in ground magnetite. Materials Research Bulletin, 25, 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(90)90020-3
Strohmeier, B. R., & Hercules, D. M. (1984). Surface spectroscopic characterization of manganese/aluminum oxide catalysts. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 88, 4922–4929. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150665a026
Tam, N., Liu, Y., Bashir, H., Yin, Z., He, Y., & Zhou, X. (2020). Efficient removal of diclofenac from aqueous solution by potassium ferrate-activated porous graphitic biochar: Ambient condition influences and adsorption mechanism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010291
Wu, X., Liu, P., Gong, Z., Wang, H., Huang, H., Shi, Y., Zhao, X., & Gao, S. (2021). Humic acid and fulvic acid hinder long-term weathering of microplastics in lake water. Environmental Science & Technology, 55, 15810–15820. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04501
Xu, Y., Wang, K., Zhou, Q., Zhang, L., & Qian, G. (2020). Effects of humus on the mobility of arsenic in tailing soil and the thiol-modification of humus. Chemosphere, 259, 127403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127403
Zhao, J., Yang, Y., Li, C., & Hou, L. (2019). Fabrication of GO modified PVDF membrane for dissolved organic matter removal: Removal mechanism and antifouling property. Separation and Purification Technology, 209, 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.07.050
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (21JK0650), the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (2021JQ-688) and the Graduate Scientific Innovation Fund for Xi’an Polytechnic University, China (chx2023034).
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
“The study conception and design was performed by YG. Material preparation and data collection were performed by KL and ZZ. Data analysis was performed by YG and YZ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by YZ, and all authors commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., Li, K. et al. Study on the removal of fulvic acid in water by potassium ferrate-enhanced iron–manganese co-oxide film and its mechanism. Environ Geochem Health 46, 51 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01835-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01835-x