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Exposure to outdoor particulate matter and risk of respiratory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

According to epidemiological studies, particulate matter (PM) is an important air pollutant that poses a significant threat to human health. The relationship between particulate matter and respiratory diseases has been the subject of numerous studies, but these studies have produced inconsistent findings. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the connection between outdoor particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) exposure and respiratory disorders (COPD, lung cancer, LRIs, and COVID-19). For this purpose, we conducted a literature search between 2012 and 2022 in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Out of the 58 studies that were part of the systematic review, meta-analyses were conducted on 53 of them. A random effect model was applied separately for each category of study design to assess the pooled association between exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 and respiratory diseases. Based on time-series and cohort studies, which are the priorities of the strength of evidence, a significant relationship between the risk of respiratory diseases (COPD, lung cancer, and COVID-19) was observed (COPD: pooled HR = 1.032, 95% CI: 1.004–1.061; lung cancer: pooled HR = 1.017, 95% CI: 1.015–1.020; and COVID-19: pooled RR = 1.004, 95% CI: 1.002–1.006 per 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5). Also, a significant relationship was observed between PM10 and respiratory diseases (COPD, LRIs, and COVID-19) based on time-series and cohort studies. Although the number of studies in this field is limited, which requires more investigations, it can be concluded that outdoor particulate matter can increase the risk of respiratory diseases.

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Funding

This study received financial support from the Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Grant No.: 1401-1-61-23440).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Pegah Nakhjirgan & Majid Kermani

  2. Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Homa Kashani

  3. Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Majid Kermani

Authors
  1. Pegah Nakhjirgan
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  2. Homa Kashani
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Contributions

All authors agree to participate in this research study. The idea for this article was given by PN. The literature searching, data analysis, and frst draft were performed by PN, HK, and MK. Data analysis and discussion were performed by PN, HK, and MK. A critical revision of the work was made by PN and MK. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Majid Kermani.

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The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest.

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The ethics committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences approved the study protocol (Code: IR.IUMS.REC.1401.243).

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Appendices

Appendix A

Search strategy on the association between particulate matter and respiratory diseases 4/11/2022

PubMed

("respiratory tract diseases"[MeSH] OR "COVID-19"[MeSH] OR "Bronchitis"[MeSH] OR "Pneumonia"[MeSH] OR "Pneumonia"[TIAB] OR "Bronchitis"[TIAB] OR "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"[TIAB] OR "COPD"[TIAB] OR "lung cancer"[TIAB] OR "lower respiratory infection"[TIAB]) AND ("ambient particulate matter"[MeSH] OR "particulate matter"[TIAB] OR "PM10"[TIAB] OR "PM2.5"[TIAB] OR "fine particulate matter"[TIAB] OR "coarse particulate matter"[TIAB]).

Scopus

(TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "respiratory tract disease*" OR "COVID-19" OR "bronchial disease*" OR "Bronchitis" OR "Pneumonia" OR "lung disease*" OR "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" OR "COPD" OR "lung cancer" OR "acute lower respiratory infection*" OR "lower respiratory infection*") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "particulate matter" OR "PM10" OR "PM2.5" OR "fine particulate matter" OR "coarse particulate matter")).

Web of Science

(TS = ("respiratory tract disease*" OR "COVID-19" OR "bronchial disease*" OR "Bronchitis" OR "Pneumonia" OR "lung disease*" OR "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" OR "COPD" OR "lung cancer" OR "acute lower respiratory infection*" OR "lower respiratory infection*") AND TS = ("particulate matter" OR "PM10" OR "PM2.5" OR "fine particulate matter" OR "coarse particulate matter")).

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Nakhjirgan, P., Kashani, H. & Kermani, M. Exposure to outdoor particulate matter and risk of respiratory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Geochem Health 46, 20 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01807-1

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