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Levels, spatial distributions, and provision of petroleum hydrocarbons and phthalates in sediments from Obhur lagoon, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia

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Abstract

The levels, spatial distribution, and sources of petroleum hydrocarbons and phthalates were assessed in surface sediment samples from the urban lagoon of Obhur near Jeddah, the largest city on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The lagoon was divided into the inner zone, middle zone, and outer zone based on its geomorphological features and developmental activities. n-Alkanes, hopane and sterane biomarkers, and unresolved complex mixture were the major petroleum hydrocarbon compounds of the total extractable organic matter. Phthalates were also measured in the sediment samples. In the three zones, n-alkanes ranged from 89.3 ± 88.5 to 103.2 ± 114.9 ng/g, whereas the hopane and sterane biomarkers varied from 69.4 ± 75.3 to 77.7 ± 69.9 ng/g and 72.5 ± 77.9–89.5 ± 82.2 ng/g, respectively. The UCM concentrations ranged from 821 ± 1119 to 1297 ± 1684 ng/g and phthalates from 37.4 ± 34.5 65 ± 68 ng/g. The primary origins of these anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the lagoon sediments were petroleum products (boat engine discharges, boat washing, lubricants, and wastewater flows) and plasticizers (plastic waste and litter). The proportions of anthropogenic hydrocarbons derived from petroleum products in the sediment’s TEOM ranged from 43 ± 33 to 62 ± 15%, while the percentages for plasticizers varied from 2.9 ± 1.2 to 4.0 ± 1.6%. The presence and inputs of these contaminants from petroleum and plastic wastes in the lagoon’s sediments will eventually have an impact on its habitats, including the benthic nursery and spawning areas.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Number (NPST 13-ENV2233-02-R).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Hattan A. Alharbi, Abdulqader Bazeyad & Khalid F. Al-Mutlaq

  2. ETAL, 2951 SE Midvale Drive, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA

    Ahmed I. Rushdi

  3. Saudi Geological Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Najeeb Rasul

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  1. Hattan A. Alharbi
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  2. Ahmed I. Rushdi
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  3. Najeeb Rasul
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  4. Abdulqader Bazeyad
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  5. Khalid F. Al-Mutlaq
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Contributions

HA contributed to conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft, visualization, project administration, and funding acquisition. AR contributed to Methodology, investigation, formal data analysis, and writing—review & editing. NR contributed to Methodology, investigation, data curation, and writing—review & editing. AB contributed to methodology, investigation, and writing—review & editing. KA contributed to investigation and writing—review & editing.

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Correspondence to Hattan A. Alharbi.

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Alharbi, H.A., Rushdi, A.I., Rasul, N. et al. Levels, spatial distributions, and provision of petroleum hydrocarbons and phthalates in sediments from Obhur lagoon, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Environ Geochem Health 46, 22 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01793-4

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