Abstract
Dietary intake of toxic elements (TEs) and essential trace elements (ETEs) can significantly impact human health. This study collected 302 samples, including 78 food, 104 drinking water, 73 cultivated topsoil, and 47 sedimentary rock from a typical area of Tethys–Himalaya tectonic domain. These samples were used to calculate the average daily dose of oral intake (ADDoral) and assess the health risks of five TEs and five ETEs. The results indicate that grain and meat are the primary dietary sources of TEs and ETEs for local residents. The intake of manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) is mainly from local highland barley (66.90% and 60.32%, respectively), iron (Fe) is primarily from local grains (75.51%), and zinc (Zn) is mainly from local yak meat (60.03%). The ADDoral of arsenic (As), Mn, Fe and Zn were found to be higher than the maximum oral reference dose in all townships of study area, indicating non-carcinogenic health risks for local residents. Additionally, lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in 36.36% townships, and Cu in 81.82% townships were above the maximum oral reference dose, while As posed a carcinogenic risk throughout the study area. The concentrations of As, mercury (Hg), Pb, Mn, Cu Fe and selenium (Se) in grains were significantly correlated with those in soils. Moreover, the average concentrations of As in Proterozoic, Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous was 43.09, 12.41, 15.86 and 6.22 times higher than those in the South Tibet shell, respectively. The high concentrations of TEs and ETEs in the stratum can lead to their enrichment in soils, which, in turn, can result in excessive intake by local residents through the food chain and biogeochemical cycles . To avoid the occurrence of some diseases caused by dietary intake, it is necessary to consume a variety of exotic foods, such as high-selenium foods, foreign rice and flour in order to improve the dietary structure.
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Abbreviations
- TEs:
-
Toxic element
- ETEs:
-
Essential trace elements
- As:
-
Arsenic
- Pb:
-
Lead
- Hg:
-
Mercury
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- Fe:
-
Iron
- Cu:
-
Copper
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- Se:
-
Selenium
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- EFSA:
-
European Food Safety Administration
- USEPA:
-
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- MEE:
-
Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China
- NHC:
-
National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China
- QTP:
-
Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
- KBD:
-
Kashin-Beck disease
- TH:
-
Tethys–Himalaya
- GPS:
-
Global Position System
- CAS:
-
Chinese Academy of Sciences
- ICP–MS:
-
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
- HG–AFS:
-
Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
- CV–AAS:
-
Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
- ADD :
-
Average daily dose
- C g :
-
The average concentration of trace elements in grain
- C f :
-
The average concentration of trace elements in flour
- C r :
-
The average concentration of trace elements in rice
- C v :
-
The average concentration of trace elements in vegetable
- C m :
-
The average concentration of trace elements in meat
- C w :
-
The average concentration of trace elements in water
- C s :
-
The average concentration of trace elements in soil
- IR :
-
Ingestion rate
- EF :
-
Exposure frequency
- ED :
-
Exposure duration
- BW :
-
Body weight
- AT :
-
Average time
- HQ :
-
Hazard quotient
- RfD :
-
Reference dose
- CR :
-
Carcinogenic risk
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Acknowledgements
This research was jointly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42207515), the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Program (Grant No. XZ202201YD0014C), the Key R&D Program of Tibet (Grant No. XZ202001ZY0050G and XZ202001ZY0042N) and the China (Xi’ an) Silk Road Research Institute Scientific Program (Grant No. 2019YB06).
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Gao, X., An, J., Yu, C. et al. Dietary sources apportionment and health risk assessment for trace elements among residents of the Tethys-Himalayan tectonic domain in Tibet, China. Environ Geochem Health 45, 8015–8030 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01706-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01706-5