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Integrative study of Permian coal-bearing horizons: biostratigraphy, palaeovegetation, and palaeoclimate in the South Karanpura Basin

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Abstract

The article deals with the integrated and comprehensive study of the coal-bearing horizons from the South Karanpura Basin to delineate the biostratigraphy, palaeovegetation, palaeodepositional settings, and palaeoclimate in and around the investigated area during the deposition of Permian sediments. Highly diversified megafloral assemblages consist 13 genera and 72 species of order Glossopteridales, Cordaitales and Equisetales are documented among which 37 taxa are newly reported from Barakar and Raniganj formations of the area. Palynoassemblages-I and -II are recovered, which demonstrate the biostratigraphic age as Kungurian and Wordian–Capitanian, respectively. Overall the vegetation represents a luxuriant forest subjugated by arborescent deciduous trees bearing Glossopteris foliage with some conifers, cordaites, filicales, and peltaspermales. The biomarker study of the basin illustrates the unimodal distribution of n-alkanes in the sample set ranges from C14 to C29 which suggests major input from a single source of organic matter. The involvement of microbial activity and algal input is suggested for the basin. A relatively moderate-to-high water level condition can be inferred from elevated n-C25. The high CIA, PIA values and A–CN–K plot suggest intense weathering conditions in the source area. The source rocks are characterized by mature clayey type with abundant clay mineral, i.e., kaolinite. The current study portrays that the Permian climate was cooler in initial phase, which later on became warm temperate with high humidity. The palaeofloral entities and geochemical parameters suggest absolute diversification of Permian flora, the existence of continental freshwater setting in the vicinity and oxic to anoxic environment with fluctuating ground water conditions during the deposition of sediments.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Vice Chancellor, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar and Director, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow for providing necessary research facilities. We also thank the Director, Central Coalfield Limited, for permission to collect samples. First author (SP) is grateful to DST, Government of India for the research grant (DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2016/IF160518).

Funding

The author (SP) received the research grant (IF200461) from Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, 768019, India

    Sanghamitra Pradhan

  2. Department of Geology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751004, India

    Shreerup Goswami

  3. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow, 226 007, India

    Neha Aggarwal, Runcie Paul Mathews, M. C. Manoj & S. Suresh K. Pillai

  4. Department of Applied Geology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India

    Siddharth Shekhar Pradhan

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  1. Sanghamitra Pradhan
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. SP and SG conceived and designed the paper. SP and SG wrote the paper. NA did palynofossils identification, photograph documentation, and result interpretation. RPM did organic geochemical analysis and MMC did inorganic geochemical analysis. SSKP supported during sample processing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shreerup Goswami.

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Pradhan, S., Goswami, S., Aggarwal, N. et al. Integrative study of Permian coal-bearing horizons: biostratigraphy, palaeovegetation, and palaeoclimate in the South Karanpura Basin. Environ Geochem Health 45, 6985–7010 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01701-w

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