Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around main water source areas of Beijing, China

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Environmental Geochemistry and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban environments have been globally concerned due to their significant health impacts on residents. However, little is known about potential risks of PAHs from centralized water source areas. In the present study, 326 soils samples from the main water source areas of Beijing were collected and the occurrence, source appointment, and risks of PAHs were systematically investigated based on the monitoring results from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total PAHs (∑16 PAHs) concentrations ranged from 5.70 to 1512 ng/g with median value of 44.2 ng/g, in which 4-ring and 5-ring groups were the major components. PAHs concentrations in the cultivated land were significantly higher than other areas, which could reflect significant impact of soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents on the spatial variations of PAHs. Further source identifications through positive matrix factorization model (PMF) revealed that biomass (22.5%), coal (21.4%), gasoline (17.6%) and diesel (16.4%) combustion were dominant sources of soil PAHs in the study area. Moreover, the risk assessment indicated that total ecological and health risk of PAHs were negligible, but individual PAH, including pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene, should be concerned due to their potential risks in several monitored stations located in the secondary protection area of four reservoirs. Our study provided new insights into environmental risks of soils in main water source areas from PAHs and could be helpful for organic micropollutant controlling and drinking water safety in rapidly urbanizing cities.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anerao, P., Kaware, R., Khedikar, A., Kumar, M., & Singh, L. (2022). Phytoremediation of persistent organic pollutants: Concept challenges and perspectives. Phytoremediation Technology for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Other Contaminants from Soil and Water, 18, 375–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandowe, B. A. M., Bigalke, M., Kobza, J., & Wilcke, W. (2018). Sources and fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs and azaarenes) in forest soil profiles opposite of an aluminium plant. Science of the Total Environment, 630, 83–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastian, M., Heymann, S., & Jacomy, M. (2009). Gephi: AnOpen source software for exploring and manipulating networks. In International AAAI conference on weblogs and social media.

  • Cao, Z., Liu, J., Luan, Y., Li, Y., Ma, M., Xu, J., & Han, S. (2010). Distribution and ecosystem risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Luan River, China. Ecotoxicology, 19, 827–837.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S., & Liao, C. (2006). Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources. Science of The Total Environment, 366, 112–123.

  • Chen, W., Wang, H., Gao, Q., Chen, Y., Li, S., Yang, Y., Werner, D., Tao, S., & Wang, X. (2017). Association of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with humic acid and humin fractions in a peat soil and implications for their long-term retention. Environmental Pollution, 230, 882–890.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Li, F., & Zhou, M. (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in farmland soils around main reservoirs of Jilin Province, China: Occurrence, sources and potential human health risk. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40, 791–802.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, S. D. (2014). Time trends in the levels and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pine bark, litter, and soil after a forest fire. Science of the Total Environment, 470, 1441–1449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, S. D., Shunthirasingham, C., Daly, G. L., Xiao, H., Lei, Y. D., & Wania, F. (2009). Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Canadian mountain air and soil are controlled by proximity to roads. Environmental Pollution, 157, 3199–3206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui, Z., Wang, Y., Du, L., & Yu, Y. (2022). Contamination level, sources, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suburban vegetable field soils of Changchun, Northeast China. Scientific Reports, 12, 11301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Nicola, F., Alfani, A., & Maisto, G. (2014). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in an urban area assessed by Quercus ilex leaves and soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 7616–7623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devi, N. L., Yadav, I. C., Qi, S., Dan, Y., Zhang, G., & Raha, P. (2016). Environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil from Himalayas, India: Implications for spatial distribution, sources apportionment and risk assessment. Chemosphere, 144, 493–502.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drwal, E., Rak, A., & Gregoraszczuk, E. L. (2019). Review: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—Action on placental function and health risks in future life of newborns. Toxicology, 411, 133–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudhagara, D. R., Rajpara, R. K., Bhatt, J. K., Gosai, H. B., Sachaniya, B. K., & Dave, B. P. (2016). Distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of PAHs in historically contaminated surface sediments at Bhavnagar coast, Gujarat, India. Environmental Pollution, 213, 338–346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, M. B., Sicre, M. A., Boireau, A., & Tronczynski, J. (1997). Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions in the Seine River and its estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34, 857–867.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. M., Smith, D. J. T., & Luhana, L. (1996). Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, UK. Environmental Science & Technology, 30, 825–832.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, T., Zhang, J., Ye, C., Zhang, L., Xing, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Sun, W., Qi, S., & Zhang, Q. (2017). Status, source and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil from the water-level-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 172, 20–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, K., & Hogue, R. R. (2015). Seasonal attributes of urban soil PAHs of the Brahmaputra Valley. Chemosphere, 119, 794–802.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiao, W. T., Lu, Y. L., Wang, T. Y., Li, J., Han, J. Y., Wang, G., & Hu, W. Y. (2009). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around Guanting Reservoir, Beijing, China. Chemistry and Ecology, 25, 39–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalf, D. F., Crommentuijn, T., & van de Plassche, E. J. (1997). Environmental quality objectives for 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 36, 89–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kariyawasam, T., Doran, G. S., Howitt, J. A., & Prenzler, P. D. (2022). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soils and sediments: Sustainable approaches for extraction and remediation. Chemosphere, 291, 132981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalili, N. R., Scheff, P. A., & Holsen, T. M. (1995). PAH Source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline-engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 29, 533–542.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kicińska, A., & Dmytrowski, P. (2023). Anthropogenic impact on soils of protected areas—Example of PAHs. Scientific Reports, 13, 1524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, M., Bolan, N. S., Hoang, S. A., Sawarkar, A. D., Jasemizad, T., Gao, B., Keerthanan, S., Padhye, L. P., Singh, L., Kumar, S., Vithanage, M., Li, Y., Zhang, M., Kirkham, M. B., Vinu, A., & Rinklebe, J. (2021). Remediation of soils and sediments polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: To immobilize, mobilize, or degrade? Journal of Hazardous Materials, 420, 126534.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, M., Bolan, N., Jasemizad, T., Padhye, L. P., Sridharan, S., Singh, L., Bolan, S., O’Connor, J., Zhao, H., Shaheen, S. M., Song, H., Siddique, K. H. M., Wang, H., Kirkham, M. B., & Rinklebe, J. (2022). Mobilization of contaminants: Potential for soil remediation and unintended consequences. Science of the Total Environment, 839, 156373.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, R. K., & Baker, J. E. (2003). Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: A comparison of three methods. Environmental Science & Technology, 37, 1873–1881.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Li, F., & Liu, Q. (2017). PAHs behavior in surface water and groundwater of the Yellow River estuary: Evidence from isotopes and hydrochemistry. Chemosphere, 178, 143–153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, T. Y., Xie, M. Y., Bao, L. J., Wu, C. C., & Zeng, E. Y. (2021). Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from primitive e-waste recycling: Particle size dependence and potential health risk. Science of the Total Environment, 781, 146814.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Zhao, T., Zhang, C., Li, P., Li, S., & Zhao, L. (2013). Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils of Yanqing County in Beijing, China. Environmental Forensics, 14, 324–330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, R., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Yin, S., Liu, J., & Feng. C. (2016). Basin-Scale Study on the Multiphase Distribution, Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of PAHs in the Hai River Water System. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71, 365–376.

  • Li, Z., Wang, W., & Zhu, L. (2019). Effects of mixed surfactants on the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in crops and the bioremediation of contaminated farmlands. Science of the Total Environment, 646, 1211–1218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, J., Ma, G. J., Fang, H. L., Chen, L., & Christie, P. (2011). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in urban soils representing different land use categories in Shanghai. Environmental Earth Sciences, 62, 33–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao, C., & Chiang, K. (2006). Probabilistic risk assessment for personal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiwanese temples. Chemosphere, 63, 1610–1619.

  • Liu, C., Huang, Z., Qadeer, A., Liu, Y., Qiao, X., Zheng, B., Zhao, G., & Zhao, X. (2021). The sediment-water diffusion and risk assessment of PAHs in different types of drinking water sources in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 309, 127456.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Yu, X., Liu, Z., & Sun, Y. (2018). Occurrence, characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in arable soils of Beijing, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 159, 120–126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., Xia, X., Yang, L., Shen, M., & Liu, R. (2010). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of different land uses in Beijing, China: Distribution, sources and their correlation with the city’s urbanization history. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 177, 1085–1092.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S. D., Xia, X. H., Zhai, Y. W., Wang, R., Liu, T., & Zhang, S. W. (2011). Black carbon (BC) in urban and surrounding rural soils of Beijing, China: Spatial distribution and relationship with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemosphere, 82, 223–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, R., Wu, J., Turco, R. P., Winer, A. M., Atkinson, R., Arey, J., Paulson, S. E., Lurmann, F. W., Miguel, A. H., & Eiguren-Fernandez, A. (2005). Naphthalene distributions and human exposure in a Southern California. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 489–507.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maliszewska, K. B. (1996). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland: Preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination. Applied Geochemistry, 11, 121–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng, Y., Liu, X., Lu, S., Zhang, T., Jin, B., Wang, Q., Tang, Z., Liu, Y., Guo, X., Zhou, J., & Xi, B. (2019). A review on occurrence and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lakes of China. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 2497–2506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, F., Akhbarizadeh, R., Keshavarzi, B., Khabazi, S., Lahijanzadeh, A., & Kermani, M. (2015). Ecotoxicological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soil of Isfahan metropolis, Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nam, J. J., Thomas, G. O., Jaward, F. M., Steinnes, E., Gustafsson, O., & Jones, K. C. (2008). PAHs in background soils from Western Europe: Influence of atmospheric deposition and soil organic matter. Chemosphere, 70, 1596–1602.

  • Oleszczuk, P., & Pranagal, J. (2007). Influence of agricultural land use and management on the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in selected silty soils. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 184, 195–205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paatero, P., & Tapper, U. (1994). Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values. Environmetrics, 5, 111–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, C., Chen, W., Liao, X., Wang, M., Ouyang, Z., Jiao, W., & Bai, Y. (2011). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing: Status, sources, distribution and potential risk. Environmental Pollution, 159, 802–808.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, C., Wang, M., Zhao, Y., & Chen, W. (2016). Distribution and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suburban and rural soils of Beijing with various land uses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5156-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polachova, A., Gramblicka, T., Parizek, O., Sram, R. J., Stupak, M., Hajslova, J., & Pulkrabova, J. (2020). Estimation of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on the dietary and outdoor atmospheric monitoring in the Czech Republic. Environmental Research, 182, 108977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, Y. Y., Gong, Y. X., & Ni, H. G. (2019). Contribution of soil erosion to PAHs in surface water in China. Science of the Total Environment, 686, 497–504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reff, A., Eberly, S. I., & Bhave, P. V. (2007). Receptor modeling of ambient particulate matter data using positive matrix factorization: Review of existing methods. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 57, 146–154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shakeri, A., Madadi, M., & Mehrabi, B. (2016). Health risk assessment and source apportionment of PAHs in industrial and bitumen contaminated soils of Kermanshah province, NW Iran. Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 8, 201–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen, M., Liu, G., Zhou, L., Yin, H., Arif, M., & Leung, K. M. Y. (2022). Spatial distribution, driving factors and health risks of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from indoors and outdoors in Hefei, China. Science of the Total Environment, 851, 158148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simcik, M. F., Eisenreich, S. J., & Lioy, P. J. (1999). Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 5071–5079.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soukarieh, B., El Hawari, K., El Husseini, M., Budzinski, H., & Jaber, F. (2018). Impact of Lebanese practices in industry, agriculture and urbanization on soil toxicity. Evaluation of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in soil. Chemosphere, 210, 85–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Świt, P., Orzeł, J., & Maślanka, S. (2023). Investigation of the origin and concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with improved accuracy by the use of a multi-component integrated calibration method in the Katowice region, Poland. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 448, 130871.

  • Syed, J. H., Iqbal, M., Zhong, G., Katsoyiannis, A., Yadav, I. C., Li, J., & Zhang, G. (2017). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chinese forest soils: Profile composition, spatial variations and source apportionment. Scientific Reports, 7, 2692.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarafdar, A., & Sinha, A. (2019). Health risk assessment and source study of PAHs fromroadside soil dust of a heavy mining area in India. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 74, 252–262.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tong, R. P., Yang, X. Y., Su, H. R., Pan, Y., Zhang, Q. Z., Wang, J., & Long, M. C. (2018). Levels, sources and probabilistic health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the agricultural soils from sites neighboring suburban industries in Shanghai. Science of the Total Environment, 616, 1365–1373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Moreno, C., Puente-DelaCruz, L., Codling, G., Villa, A. L., Cobo, M., Klanova, J., & Johnson-Restrepo, B. (2022). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in human breast milk from Colombia: Spatial occurrence, sources and probabilistic risk assessment. Environmental Research, 204, 111981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., Wang, X., Gong, P., & Yao, T. (2014). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil across the Tibetan Plateau: Spatial distribution, source and air-soil exchange. Environmental Pollution, 184, 138–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., Zhang, P., Wang, L., Zhang, W., Shi, X., Lu, X., Li, X., & Li, X. (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soil in the semi-arid city of Xi’an, northwest china: Composition, distribution, sources, and relationships with soil properties. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 75, 351–366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W. T., Simonich, S. L. M., Xue, M. A., Zhao, J. Y., Zhang, N., Wang, R., Cao, J., & Tao, S. (2010). Concentrations, sources and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Beijing, Tianjin and surrounding areas, North China. Environmental Pollution, 158, 1245–1251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, J., Ye, B., Wang, W., Yang, L., Tao, J., & Hang, Z. (2010). Spatial and temporal evaluations of disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution systems in Beijing, China. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 4600–4606.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Z., Lin, T., Hu, L., Guo, T., & Guo, Z. (2022). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment–porewater system from the East China Sea: Occurrence, partitioning, and diffusion. Environmental Research, 209, 112755.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, R., Bai, J., Wang, J., Lu, Q., Zhao, Q., Cui, B., & Liu, X. (2014). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wetland soils under different land uses in a coastal estuary: Toxic levels, sources and relationships with soil organic matter and water-stable aggregates. Chemosphere, 110, 8–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J., Yang, Y., Chen, R. S., Meng, X. Z., Xu, J., Qadeer, A., & Liu, M. (2018). Modeling and evaluating spatial variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban lake surface sediments in Shanghai. Environmental Pollution, 235, 1–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Z., He, B., Wu, X., Simonich, S. L. M., Liu, H., Fu, J., Chen, A., Liu, H., & Wang, Q. (2021). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban stream sediments of Suzhou Industrial Park, an emerging eco-industrial park in China: Occurrence, sources and potential risk. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 214, 112095.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zavgorodnyaya, Y. A., Chikidova, A. L., Biryukov, M. V., & Demin, V. V. (2019). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate depositions and urban soils of Moscow, Russia. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 19, 3155–3165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, Q. F., Jeppesen, E., Gu, X. H., Mao, Z. G., & Chen, H. H. (2018). Distribution, fate and risk assessment of PAHs in water and sediments from an aquaculture- and shipping-impacted subtropical lake, China. Chemosphere, 201, 612–620.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhai, Y., Yin, Z., Zhao, X., Zhang, J., Zuo, R., Wu, J., Yang, J., Teng, Y., & Wang, J. (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment of Beijing, China: Levels, distribution, trends and sources. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 24, 137–157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, B., Wei, W., Zhu, H., Liu, X., Lv, L., & Chen, H. (2022). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Central Plains Urban Agglomeration, China: The bidirectional effects of urbanization and anthropogenic activities. Environmental Research, 214, 113930.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R., Han, M., Yu, K., Kang, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, X., Li, J., & Yang, Y. (2021). Distribution, fate and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmosphere and surface water of multiple coral reef regions from the South China Sea: A case study in spring-summer. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 412, 125214.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Z., Zeng, H., Wu, J., & Zhang, L. (2017). Concentrations, sources and potential ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Tajikistan. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 61, 13–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, R., Yang, R., & Jing, C. (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and lichen from the western Tibetan Plateau: Concentration profiles, distribution and its influencing factors. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 152, 151–158.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Funding for this study was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51539001) and the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2021YFC3200901).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People’s Republic of China

    Bin Li, Rui An, Xuming Xu & Qian Chen

  2. Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, People’s Republic of China

    Bin Li, Rui An, Xuming Xu & Qian Chen

  3. Beijing Water Authority, Beijing, 100036, People’s Republic of China

    Liang Zhao

  4. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People’s Republic of China

    Sining Zhong

  5. General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing, 100120, People’s Republic of China

    Ruoqi Ma

Authors
  1. Bin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Liang Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sining Zhong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rui An
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ruoqi Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xuming Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Qian Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

QC designed the research; Bin Li performed the research with help of LZ, SZ, RA, RM, and XX; BL and QC wrote the paper. All authors contributed new ideas and participated in interpretation of the findings.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qian Chen.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 1234 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, B., Zhao, L., Zhong, S. et al. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around main water source areas of Beijing, China. Environ Geochem Health 45, 7569–7584 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01673-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01673-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation