Abstract
An accurate assessment of human exposure to pollutants through the ingestion of dust and/or soil particles depends on a thorough understanding their rate of human ingestion. To this end, we investigated the load and size distribution patterns of dust/soil particles on the hands of three typical subpopulations, including preschoolers, college students, and security guards (outdoor workers). The geometric mean diameter of dust/soil particles on hands was observed to be 38.7 ± 11.2, 40.0 ± 12.1, and 36.8 ± 10.4 μm for preschoolers, college students, and security guards, respectively. The particle size distribution differed between subpopulations: Preschoolers were more exposed to fine particles, whereas security guards were exposed to more coarse particles. The geometric means of dust/soil particle loading on the hands were 0.126, 0.0163, and 0.0377 mg/cm2 for preschoolers, college students, and security guards, respectively. Males had statistically higher dust/soil particle loadings on hands than females, notably for preschoolers and college students; preschoolers with frequent hand contact with the bare ground had higher dust/soil particle loadings compared to those of peers in contact with commercial and residential grounds. The mean total dust/soil particle ingestion rate was estimated to be 245, 19.7, and 33.1 mg/day for preschoolers, college students, and security guards, respectively. Our estimates for college students and security guards are close to the consensus central-tendency values recommended by the U.S. EPA’s Exposure Factor Handbook for American adults, whereas the estimates for children are much higher than the upper percentile values recommended for American children.
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All the data used for the present study appear in the article. The raw data may be provided upon reasonable requests.
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Funding
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42122057, 41977308), the Central Plain Talent Program of Henan Province (ZYYCYU202012168), and the University Science and Technology Innovation Talent Support Program of Henan Province (20HASTIT011). The authors thank the participants for their participation and support in sampling.
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NL helped in methodology, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, data curation, and visualization. JZ helped in data curation. HY helped in writing—review and editing. MX helped in data curation. QF helped in data curation. JZ helped in data curation. XW helped in data curation. PW helped in writing—review and editing. YF helped in writing—review and editing. GY helped in visualization. WZ helped in visualization. ZC worked in conceptualization, supervision, funding acquisition, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. LL helped in methodology and writing—review and editing.
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Ethical approval for this investigation was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Henan Normal University.
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Appendix A
The Supplementary material contains additional detailed information of materials and methods, some additional tables and figures, as noted in this study.
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Li, N., Zhang, J., Yu, H. et al. A systematic characterization of soil/dust ingestion for typical subpopulations in China. Environ Geochem Health 45, 6199–6214 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01634-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01634-4