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Health risk assessment of lead via the ingestion pathway for preschool children in a typical heavy metal polluted area

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Abstract

The problems of environmental lead (Pb) pollution caused by mining activities have attracted global attention. Preschool children are vulnerable to exposure to Pb from the environment. To investigate the health risk of multiple exposures to Pb via oral ingestion (soil, water, rice, wheat, and vegetables) for preschool children in typical polluted areas, in this study, preschool children in Baiyin city were selected as the potential receptors, Pb concentrations in 28 soil samples and 33 vegetable samples were collected and measured. In addition, the Pb concentrations in local water, rice, and wheat were obtained by searching the literature. The Monte Carlo simulation was used in the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the parameters. Results showed that Pb concentrations in spinach, tomato, cushaw, lettuce, broad bean, pea, eggplant, and radish exceeded the standards (GB 2762-2017), and 42.86% of soil samples exceeded screening values (GB 15618-2018). The non-carcinogenic risk was as high as 3.58. Vegetables and wheat were the major contributors in the oral ingestion pathway. Furthermore, the carcinogenic risk of preschool children was 6.02E-06, which was acceptable. Monte Carlo simulations showed that health risk assessment results were most likely to be influenced by Pb concentrations in the media. In conclusion, the food safety of vegetables in soil-polluted areas deserves more attention, and certain measures should be taken to reduce the health risks to preschool children.

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The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (Grant No 2019 QZKK0304) and the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (21JR11RA090).

Funding

This work was supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (Grant No. 2019 QZKK0304) and the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (21JR11RA090).

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  1. Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Yue Du, Shiwei Ai, Jie He, Huilin Gu, Xiaoxue Wang, Zhilan Li & Yuhui Dang

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  1. Yue Du
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YD: Research design, Sample collection and testing, Data processing, Writing-Original draft preparation, Formal analysis, Methodology. SA: Research design, Sample collection, Conceptualization, Data Curation. JH: Sample collection and testing, Formal analysis. HG: Sample collection, Formal analysis. XW: Sample collection, Formal analysis. ZL: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision. YD: Research design, Methodology, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Yuhui Dang.

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Du, Y., Ai, S., He, J. et al. Health risk assessment of lead via the ingestion pathway for preschool children in a typical heavy metal polluted area. Environ Geochem Health 45, 6163–6176 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01619-3

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