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Residual status and source analysis of phthalate esters in Ulungur Lake, China

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Abstract

Ulungur Lake is the largest lake in northern Xinjiang and undertakes important aquatic tasks. It is the No. 1 fishing ground in northern Xinjiang, and the problem of persistent organic pollution in the water has received much attention. However, there are few studies on phthalate esters (PAEs) in the water of Ulungur Lake. Understanding the pollution levels, distribution characteristics and sources of PAEs is of great significance for the protection and prevention of water. Fifteen sampling sites are established in Ulungur Lake to collect water samples during flood and dry periods, then seventeen PAEs are extracted from the water samples and purified by liquid–liquid extraction—solid-phase purification. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry is used to detect the pollution levels and distribution characteristics of the 17 PAEs and analyse their sources. Results show that the concentrations of PAEs in the dry and flood periods are 0.451–9.97 µg/L and 0.0490–6.38 µg/L, respectively. The concentration of ∑PAEs with time is characterised by the dry period > the flood period. The change in flow is the main reason for the diverse concentration distributions of PAEs in different periods. The concentration of ΣPAEs in the dry period is much lower on the side near the lake entrance of the Ulungur River and Irtysh River. In the dry period, PAEs mainly come from chemical production and the use of cosmetics and personal care products; in the flood period, they mainly come from chemical production. River input and atmospheric sedimentation are the main sources of PAEs in the lake.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21667026). Thanks to Yining Customs Technology Centre.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21667026).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China

    Manli Wang, Jianjiang Lu, Li Zhou, Youzhi Su, Han Yao & Min Li

  2. The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, 832000, China

    Xiaowen Yin

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  1. Manli Wang
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Contributions

MW contributed to visualisation, formal analysis, data curation and writing-original draft preparation. JL contributed to investigation, validation, writing-reviewing and editing. LZ contributed to investigation and supervision. YS contributed to conceptualization and supervision. H contributed to formal analysis and investigation. ML contributed to formal analysis and validation. XY contributed to formal analysis.

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Correspondence to Jianjiang Lu.

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Wang, M., Lu, J., Zhou, L. et al. Residual status and source analysis of phthalate esters in Ulungur Lake, China. Environ Geochem Health 45, 5991–6007 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01586-9

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