Abstract
Understanding the precise sources of heavy metals (HMs) in soil and the contribution of these sources to health risks has positive effects in terms of risk management. This study focused on the HMs in the soil of five land uses in an industrial and mining city. The sources of HMs in soils were identified, and the soil mineralogical characteristics and health risks of HMs were discussed. The results showed that the HMs (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb) found in the soil of the five land uses were affected by human activities. For example, the Cu in grassland, gobi beach, woodland, green belt, and farmland is 22.3, 3.5, 22.5, 16.7, and 21.3 times higher than the soil background values in Gansu Province, respectively. The Positive Matrix Factorization model (PMF) results revealed that traffic emissions and industrial and agricultural activities were the primary sources of HMs in the soil, with industrial sources accounting for the largest share at 55.79%. Furthermore, various characteristics proved that the studied HMs were closely related to smelting products. Concentration-oriented health risk assessments showed that HMs in the different soil types held non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for children and adults. Contamination source-oriented health risk assessments of children and adults found that industrial activities controlled non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. This study highlighted the critical effects of smelting on urban soil and the contribution of pollution sources to health risks. Furthermore, this work is significant in respect of the risk control of HMs in urban soils.
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Data Availability
The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- HMs:
-
Heavy metals
- HM:
-
Heavy metal
- PMF:
-
Positive Matrix Factorization model
- Igeo :
-
Geoaccumulation index
- EF:
-
Enrichment factor
- PI:
-
Nemerow pollution index
- CSI:
-
Contamination safety index
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- CA:
-
Cluster analysis
- APCS:
-
Absolute Principal Component Scores
- MLR:
-
Multiple Linear Regression
- HAR:
-
Human health risk
- EC:
-
Electric conductivity
- SOM:
-
Soil organic matter
- XRD:
-
X’Pert Pro diffractometer
- STEM:
-
Scanning transmission electron microscopy
- HRTEM:
-
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
- EDS:
-
Energy-dispersive spectrometer
- XPS:
-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- HI:
-
Total exposure hazard index
- TCR:
-
Total carcinogenic risk
- CV:
-
Coefficient of variation
- AF:
-
SkinAdherence factor
- BW:
-
Average body weight
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This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1802905).
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JX helped in conceptualization, methodology, data collection and analysis, writing the original draft. YW was involved in performing the experiment, investigation, revision of the original draft. SW contributed to review, conceptualization, resources, supervision. YW and SD helped in performing the experiment and treatment of samples. ZC performed soil sampling and treatment of samples. LH investigated and visualized the study.
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Xu, J., Wu, Y., Wang, S. et al. Source identification and health risk assessment of heavy metals with mineralogy: the case of soils from a Chinese industrial and mining city. Environ Geochem Health 45, 7255–7274 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01548-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01548-1