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Geochemical fractionation, bioavailability, ecological and human health risk assessment of metals in topsoils of an emerging industrial cluster near New Delhi

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Abstract

Urban spaces have become sink for metal-rich waste, particularly in unorganized industrial clusters and metro-cities. Geochemical distribution of metals in different forms and their mobility and bioavailability in topsoils of Bhiwadi Industrial Cluster (BIC) near New Delhi are studies following m-BCR-SEP. Contamination factor (Cf), risk assessment code (RAC), ecological risk assessment (Er), and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk (HRA) were calculated to assess health and environmental risks. Residual fraction (F4) contained considerable amounts of Cd (57.2%), Cr (81.5%), Fe (86.1%), Mn (62.5%), Ni (58.3%), and V (71.4%). Pb was present in reducible fraction (F2; 52.8%), whereas Cu was distributed in F2 (33.3%) and F4 (31.6%). Zn showed equal distribution in acid exchangeable (F1; 33.9%) and oxidizable fraction (F3; 32.5%). High Cf was observed for Zn (0.9–20.9), Cu (0.46–17) and Pb (0.2–9.9). RAC indicated high risk of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn due to their high mobility and toxicity. High potential bioavailability of Cu, Pb, and Zn (> 65%) was found in samples collected near to metal casting, electroplating, and automobile part manufacturing industries. Considerable to extremely high ecological risk was observed for Cd, low to high risk for Cu, low risk to moderate risk for Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Pb. All topsoil samples were in low to very high-risk range for metals. Ingestion was major pathway of metals followed by dermal and inhalation. Children were more prone to non-carcinogenic risks (hazardous index: 3.6). Topsoils had high carcinogenic risk to exposed population for Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb.

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Acknowledgements

Grants received from Jawaharlal Nehru University internally under Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence-Department of Science and Technology (JNU- DST-PURSE) by Sudesh Yadav and utilized in this work are acknowledged. Research fellowship received by Anju Verma during this work from Rajiv Gandhi National Foundation, University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC-RGNF) is duly acknowledged. The authors like to thank Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) for providing necessary laboratory facilities to carry out this work.

Funding

The research was financially supported by Jawaharlal Nehru University internally under Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence-Department of Science and Technology JNU-DST-PURSE-462 (phase II).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Anju Verma & Sudesh Yadav

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India

    Rakesh Kumar

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  1. Anju Verma
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  2. Sudesh Yadav
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Contributions

SY contributed to writing—conceptualization and finalization of scientific problem, funding, sampling, data interpretation, first draft to finalization of MS; AV contributed to writing—originated the scientific concept, sampling, analysis, data generation, tabulation, interpretation, zero draft to finale drafting of MS; RK contributed to writing—sampling, data tabulations and Interpretation, zero and first draft writing.

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Correspondence to Sudesh Yadav.

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Verma, A., Yadav, S. & Kumar, R. Geochemical fractionation, bioavailability, ecological and human health risk assessment of metals in topsoils of an emerging industrial cluster near New Delhi. Environ Geochem Health 45, 9041–9066 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01536-5

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