Abstract
Immobilization of vanadium (V) in soils is one option to prevent groundwater contamination and plant uptake. Phytoremediation, microbial remediation, and chemical stabilization using soil amendments are among the leading environmentally friendly and economically feasible techniques in V remediation. Soil amendments were used to reduce V mobility by immobilizing it in the soil matrix through chemical stabilization, while bioremediation methods such as phytoremediation and microbial remediation were used to remove V from contaminated soils. Vanadium exists in several species and among them V5+ species are the most prevalent, toxic, and soluble form and present as a negatively charged ion (H2VO4− and HVO42−) in oxic soils above pH 4. Amendments used for chemical stabilization can change the physicochemical properties enhancing immobility of V in soil. The pH of the soil environment, point of zero charge of the colloid surface, and redox conditions are some of the most important factors that determine the efficiency of the amendment. Commonly used amendments for chemical stabilization include biochar, zeolites, organic acids, various clay minerals and oxides of elements such as iron, titanium, manganese, and aluminum. For bioremediation, chelating agents and microbial communities are used to mobilize V to enhance phyto-or microbial-extraction procedures. The objectives of this review were to discuss remediation methods of V while considering V speciation and toxicity in soil, and soil amendment application for V removal from soil. The information compiled in this review can guide further research on soil amendments for optimal V remediation in largely contaminated industrial sites.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abernathy, M. J., Schaefer, M. V., Vessey, C. J., Liu, H., & Ying, S. C. (2021). Oxidation of V (IV) by birnessite: Kinetics and surface complexation. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(17), 11703–11712.
Ahmad, Z., Gao, B., Mosa, A., Yu, H., Yin, X., Bashir, A., Ghoveisi, H., & Wang, S. (2018). Removal of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by biochars derived from potassium-rich biomass. Journal of Cleaner Production, 180, 437–449.
Aihemaiti, A., Gao, Y., Liu, L., Yang, G., Han, S., & Jiang, J. (2020b). Effects of liquid digestate on the valence state of vanadium in plant and soi microbial community response. Environmental Pollution, 265, 114916.
Aihemaiti, A., Gao, Y., Meng, Y., Chen, X., Liu, J., Xiang, H., Xu, Y., & Jiang, J. (2020a). Review of plant-vanadium physiological interactions, bioaccumulation, and bioremediation of vanadium-contaminated sites. Science of the Total Environment, 712, 135637.
Aihemaiti, A., Jiang, J., Blaney, L., Zou, Q., Gao, Y., Meng, Y., Yang, M., & Xu, Y. (2019). The detoxification effect of liquid digestate on vanadium toxicity to see germination and seedling growth of dog’s tails grass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 369, 456–464.
Aihemaiti, A., Jiang, J., Li, D., Li, T., Zhang, W., & Ding, X. (2017). Toxic metal tolerance in native plant species grown in a vanadium mining area. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 26839–265850.
Ali, H., Khan, E., & Sajad, M. A. (2013). Phytoremediatoin of heavy metals–concepts and applications. Chemosphere, 91, 869–881.
Anke, M. (2004). Vanadium-an element both essential and toxic to plants, animals, and humans? Anal Real Acad Nac Farm, 70, 961–999.
Cao, X., Diao, M., Zhang, B., Liu, H., Wang, S., & Yang, M. (2017). Spatial distribution of vanadium and microbial community responses in surface soil of Panzhihua mining and smelting area, China. Chemosphere, 183, 9–17.
Cao, X., Ma, L., Gao, B., & Harris, W. (2009). Dairy-manure derived biochar effectively sorbs lead and atrazine. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 3285–3291.
Carpentier, W., Sandra, K., Smet, I. D., Brige, A., Smet, L. D., Beeumen, J. V. (2004). Microbial reduction and precipitation of vanadium by shewanella oneidensis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 3636–3639.
CCME. (2006). Water quality guidelines for the protection of agriculture, irrigation, agricultural lands; In: Canadian environmental quality guidelines, 1999. https://ccme.ca/en/summary-table.
Chen, Y., Liu, D., Ma, J., Jin, B., Peng, J., & He, X. (2021b). Assessing the influence of immobilization remediation of heavy metal contaminated farmland on the physical properties of soil. Science of the Total Environment, 781, 146773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021b.146773
Chen, L., Liu, J. R., Hu, W. F., Gao, J., & Tang, J. Y. (2021a). Vanadium in soil-plant systems: Source, fate, toxicity, and bioremediation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 405, 124200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124200
Chiavola, A., D’Amato, E., & Boni, M. R. (2019). Comparison of different iron oxide adsorbents for combined arsenic, vanadium and fluoride removal from drinking water. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(10), 6053–6064.
Crans, D. C., Smee, J. J., Gaidamauskas, E., & Yang, L. (2004). The chemistry and biochemistry of vanadium and the biological activities exerted by vanadium compounds. Chemical Reviews, 104(2), 849–902.
Cui, L., Pan, G., Li, L., Bian, R., Liu, X., Yan, J., Quan, G., Ding, C., Chen, T., Liu, Y., Liu, L., Yin, C., Wei, C., Yang, Y., & Hussain, Q. (2016). Continuous immobilization of cadmium and lead in biochar amended contaminated paddy soil: A five-year field experiment. Ecological Engineering, 93, 1–8.
Dong, Y., Lin, H., Zhao, Y., & Menzembere, E. R. G. Y. (2021). Remediation of vanadium-contaminated soils by the combination of natural clay mineral and humic acid. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123874.
Environment & Climate Change Canada. (2016). Federal environmental quality guidelines vanadium. https://www.ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/default.asp?lang=En&n=48D3A655-1.
El-Alam, I., Verdin, A., Fontaine, J., Laruelle, F., Chahine, R., Makhlouf, H., & Sahraoui, A. L. H. (2018). Ecotoxicity evaluation and human risk assessment of an agricultural polluted soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessments, 190, 738.
El-Naggar, A., Shaheen, S. M., Chang, S. C., Hou, D., Ok, Y. S., & Rinklebe, J. (2021). Biochar surface functionality plays a vital role in immobilization and phytoavailability of soil vanadium. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 9, 6864–6874.
Fei, Y., Zhang, B., He, J., Chen, C., & Liu, H. (2022). Dynamics of vertical vanadium migration in soil and interactions with indigenous microorganisms adjacent to tailing reservoir. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 424, 127608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127608
Gan, C., Chen, T., & Yang, J. (2021). Growth responses and accumulation of vanadium in alfalfa, milkvetch root, and swamp morning glory and their potential in phytoremediation. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 107, 559–564.
Gan, C., Liu, M., Lu, J., & Yang, J. (2020). Adsorption and desorption characteristics of vanadium (V) on silica. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 231, 10.
Ghanim, B., Murnane, J. G., O’Donoghue, L., Courtney, R., Pembroke, J., & T., O’Dwyer, T.F. (2020). Removal of vanadium from aqueous solution using a red mud modified saw dust biochar. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 33, 101076.
CSA Global. (2020). Lac Dore project, Chibougamau, Quebec, Canada: NI 43–101 technical report No. R441.2020.
Gong, X., Huang, D., Liu, Y., Zeng, G., Wang, R., Wei, J., Huang, C., Xu, P., Wan, J., & Zhang, C. (2018). Pyrolysis and reutilization of plant residues after phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated sediments: For heavy metals stabilization and dye adsorption. Bioresource Technology, 253, 64–71.
González, N., Esplugas, R., Marquès, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2021). Concentrations of arsenic and vanadium in environmental and biological samples collected in the neighborhood of petrochemical industries: A review of the scientific literature. Science of the Total Environment, 771, 145149.
Gustafsson, J. P. (2019). Vanadium geochemistry in the biogeosphere–speciation, solid-solution interactions, and ecotoxicity. Applied Geochemistry, 102, 1–25.
Hao, L., Zhang, B., Feng, C., Zhang, Z., Lei, Z., Shimizu, K., Cao, X., Liu, H., & Liu, H. (2018). Microbial vanadium (V) reduction in groundwater with different soils from vanadium ore mining areas. Chemosphere, 202, 272–279.
He, W., Yang, J., Li, J., Ai, Y., & Li, J. (2020). Stabilization of vanadium in calcerous purple soil using modified Na-bentonites. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, 121978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcelpro.2020.121978
He, L., Zhong, H., Liu, G., Dai, Z., Brookes, P. C., & Xu, J. (2019). Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by biochar: Mechanisms, potential risks and applications in China. Environmental Pollution, 252, 846–855.
Hu, X., Yue, Y., & Peng, X. (2018). Release kinetics of vanadium from vanadium (III, IV, and V) oxides: Effect of pH, temperature, and oxide dose. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 67, 96–103.
Huang, J. H., Huang, F., Evans, L., & Glasauer, S. (2015). Vanadium: Global (bio)geochemistry. Chemical Geology, 417, 68–89.
Huang, X., Ye, Z., Chen, L., Chen, X., Liu, C., Yin, Y., Wang, X., & Wei, Y. (2020). Removal of V+5 from solution using a silica-supported primary amine resin: Batch studies, experimental analysis, and mathematical modeling. Molecules, 25, 1448.
Ibrahim, M., Khan, S., Hao, X., & Li, G. (2016). Biochar effects on metal bioaccumulation and arsenic speciation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in contaminated soil. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 13, 2467–2474.
Imtiaz, M., Rizwan, M. S., Xiong, S., Li, H., Ashraf, M., Shahzad, S. M., Shahzad, M., Rizwan, M., & Tu, S. (2015). Vanadium, recent advancements and research prospects: A review. Environment International, 80, 79–88.
Imura, H., Shimada, A., Naota, M., Morita, T., Togawa, M., Hasegawa, T., & Seko, Y. (2013). Vanadium toxicity in mice: Possible impairment of lipid metabolism and musosal epithelial cell necrosis in the small intestine. Toxilogical Pathology, 41, 842–856.
Indraratne, S. P., Attanayake, C. P., Kumaragamage, D., Amarawansha, G., Goltz, D. M., & Applin, D. M. (2023). Mobility of arsenic and vanadium in waterlogged calcareous soils due to addition of zeolite and manganese oxide amendments. Journal Environmental Quality. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20451
Indraratne, S. P., Pierzynski, G. M., Baker, L. R., & Prasad, P. V. V. (2021). Nano-oxides immobilize cadmium, lead, and zinc in mine spoils and contaminated soils facilitating plant growth. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 101, 543–554.
Jiang, J., Yang, M., Gao, Y., Wang, J., Li, D., & Li, T. (2017). Removal of toxic metals from vanadium-contaminated soils using a washing method: Reagent selection and parameter optimization. Chemosphere, 180, 295–301.
Khan, S., Kazi, T. G., Kolachi, N. F., Baig, J. A., Afridi, H. I., Shah, A. Q., Sham, K., & Shah, F. (2011). Hazardous impact and translocation of vanadium (V) species from soil to different vegetables and grasses grown in the vicinity of thermal power plant. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190(1–3), 738–743.
Komarek, M., Vanek, A., & Ettler, V. (2013). Chemical stabilization of metals and arsenic in contaminated soils using oxides–a review. Environmental Pollution, 172, 9–22.
Kumpiene, J., Antelo, J., Brannvall, E., Carabante, I., Ek, K., Komarek, M., Soderberg, C., & Warell, L. (2019). In situ stabilization of trace element-contaminated soil–field demonstrations and barriers to transition from laboratory to the field–a review. Applied Geochemistry, 100, 335–351.
Leblanc, C., Vilter, H., Fournier, J. B., Delage, L., Potin, P., Rebuffet, E., Michel, G., Solari, P. L., Feiters, M. C., & Czjzek, M. (2015). Vanadium haloperoxidases: From the discovery 30 years ago to X-ray crystallographic and V K-edge absorption spectroscopic studies. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 301–302, 134–146.
Li, Y., Zhang, B., Liu, Z., Wang, S., Yao, J., & Borthwick, A. G. L. (2020). Vanadium contamination and associated health risk of farmland soil near smelters throughout China. Environmental Pollution, 263, 114540.
Lin, H., Liu, J., Dong, Y., & He, Y. (2019). The effect of substrates on the removal of low-level vanadium, chromium and cadmium from polluted river water by ecological floating beds. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 169, 856–862.
Liu, H., Zhang, B., Yuan, H., Cheng, Y., Wang, S., & He, Z. (2017). Microbial reduction of vanadium (V) in groundwater: Interactions with coexisting common electron acceptors and analysis of microbial community. Environmental Pollution, 231, 1362–1369.
Liu, L., Li, W., Song, W., & Guo, M. (2018). Remediation techniques for removal of heavy-metal contaminated soils: Principles and applicability. Science of the Total Environment, 633, 206–219.
Liu, J., Huang, Y., Li, H., & Duan, H. (2022). Recent advances in removal techniques of vanadium from water: A comprehensive review. Chemosphere, 287, 132021.
Lomaglio, T., Hambil-Hattab, N., Miard, F., Lebrun, M., Nandillon, R., Trupiano, D., Scippa, G. S., Gauthier, A., Motelica-Heino, M., Bourgerie, S., & Morabito, D. (2018). Cd, Pb, and Zn mobility and bioavailability in contaminated soils from a former smelting site amended with biochar. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 25744–25756.
Luo, X., Yu, L., Wang, C., Yin, X., Mosa, A., Lv, J., & Sun, H. (2017). Sorption of vanadium (V) onto natural soil colloids under various solution pH and ionic strength conditions. Chemosphere, 169, 609–617.
McKenzie, R. H., Bremer, E., Kryzanowski, L., Middleton, A. B., Solberg, E. D., Heaney, D., Coy, G., & Harapiak, J. (2003). Yield benefit of phosphorus fertilizer for wheat, barley and canola in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 83, 431–441.
Mehmood, S., Rizwan, M., Bashir, S., Ditta, A., Aziz, O., Yong, L. Z., Dai, Z., Akmal, M., Ahmed, W., Adeel, M., Imtiaz, M., & Tu, S. (2018). Comparative effects of biochar, slag, and ferrous–Mn ore on lead and cadmium immobilization in soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 100, 286–292.
Mermut, A. R., Jain, J. C., Song, L., Kerrich, R., Kozak, L., & Jana, S. (1996). Trace element concentrations of selected soils and fertilizers in Saskatchewan Canada. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25(4), 845–853. https://doi.org/10.2134/JEQ1996.00472425002500040028X
Mohammadian, S., Krok, B., Fritzsche, A., Bianco, C., Tosco, T., Cagigal, E., Mata, B., Gonzalez, V., Dies-Ortiz, M., Ramos, V., Montalvo, D., Smolders, E., Sethi, R., & Meckenstock, R. U. (2021). Field-scale demonstration of in situ immobilization of heavy metals by injecting iron oxide nanoparticle adsorption barriers in groundwater. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 237, 103741.
Molina, M., Aburto, F., Calderon, R., Cazanga, M., & Escudey, M. (2009). Trace element composition of selected fertilizers used in Chile: Phosphorus fertilizers as a source of long-term soil contamination. Soil and Sediment, 18, 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1010/15320380902962320
Moskalyk, R. R., & Alfantazi, A. M. (2003). Processing of vanadium: a review. Minerals Engineering, 16, 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00213-9
Naeem, A., Westerhoff, P., & Mustafa, S. (2007). Vandaium removed by metal (hydr)oxide adsorbents. Water Research, 41, 1596–1602.
O’loughlin, E. J., Boyanov, M. I., & Kemner, K. M. (2021). Reduction of vanadium (V) by iron (II)-bearing minerals. Minerals, 11, 316.
Ortiz-Bernard, I., Anderson, R. T., Vrionis, H. A., & Lovley, D. R. (2004). Vanadium respiration by geobacter metallireducens: Novel strategy for in situ removal of vanadium from groundwater. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 70, 3091–3095.
Pena, M., Meng, X., Korfiatis, G. P., & Jing, C. (2006). Adsorption mechanism of arsenic on nanocrystalline titanium dioxide. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(4), 1257–1262.
Peng, Z., Wen, J., Liu, Y., Zeng, G., Yi, Y., Fang, Y., Zhang, S., Deng, J., & Cai, X. (2018). Heavy metal leachability in soil amended with zeolite-or biochar-modified contaminated sediment. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 190, 751.
Pessoa, J. C., Garribba, E., Santos, M. F. A., & Santos-Silva, T. (2015). Vanadium and proteins: Uptake, transport, structure, activity, and function. Coordiation Chemistry Reviews, 301–302, 49–86.
Qian, Y., Gallagher, F. J., Feng, H., Wu, M., & Zhu, Q. (2014). Vanadium uptake and translocation in dominant plant species on an urban coastal brownfield site. Science of the Total Environment, 476–477, 696–704.
Reijonen, I., Metzler, M., & Hartikainen, H. (2016). Impact of soil pH and organic matter on the chemical bioavailability of vanadium species: the underlying basis for risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 210, 371–379.
Reijonen, I., Metzler, M., & Hartikainen, H. (2022). Impact of soil pH and organic matter on the chemical bioavailablity of vanadium species: The underlying basis for risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 210, 371–379.
Roychoudhury, A. (2020). Vanadium uptake and toxicity in plants. SF Journal of Agricultural and Crop Management, 1(2), 1010.
Saheli, S., Alijani, S., & Anbia, M. (2019). Enhanced adsorption properties of zirconium modified chitosan-zeolite nanocomposites for vanadium ion removal. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 164, 105–120.
Sarkar, D., Makris, K. C., Vandanapu, V., & Datta, R. (2007). Arsenic immobilization in soils amended with drinking water treatment residuals. Environmental Pollution, 146, 414–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2006.06.03
Sarwar, N., Imran, M., Shaheen, M. R., Ishaque, W., Kamran, M. A., Matloob, A., Rehim, A., & Hussain, S. (2017). Phytoremediation strategies for soil contaminated with heavy metals: Modificatoins and future prospectives. Chemosphere, 171, 710–721.
Schlesinger, W. H., Klein, E. M., & Vengosh, A. (2018). Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(54), E11092–E11100. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715500114
Shaheen, S. M., Alessi, D. S., Tack, F. M., Ok, Y. S., Kim, K. H., Gustafsson, J. P., Sparks, D. L., & Rinklebe, J. (2019). Redox chemistry of vanadium in soils and sediments: Interactions with colloidal materials, mobilization, speciation, and relevant environmental implications-a review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 265, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.01.002
Shaheen, S. M., & Rinklebe, J. (2015). Impact of emerging and low cost alternative amendments on the (im)mobilization and phytoavailability of Cd and Pb in a contaminated floodplain soil. Ecological Engineering, 74, 319–326.
Shaheen, S. M., Rinklebe, J., Rupp, H., & Meissner, R. (2014). Lysimeter trials to assess the impact of different flood–dry-cycles on the dynamics of pore water concentrations of As, Cr, Mo and V in a contaminated floodplain soil. Geoderma, 228, 5–13.
Sippel, D., & Einsle, O. (2017). The structure of vanadium nitrogenase reveals an unusuaul bridging ligand. Nature Chemical Biology, 13, 956–960.
Tella, E., Panagiotou, G. D., Petsi, T., Bourikas, K., Kordulis, C., & Lycourghiotis, A. (2010). The mechanism of retention of vanadium oxo-species at the “titanium oxide/aqueous solution” interface. Glob NEST J, 12, 231–238.
Tian, L. Y., Yang, J. Y., & Huang, J. H. (2015). Uptake and speciation of vanadium in the rhizosphere soils of rape (Brassica juncea L.). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 9215–9223.
Vareda, J. P., & Duraes, L. (2017). Functionalized silica xerogels for adsorption of heavy metals from groundwater and soils. J Sol-Gel Sci. Technology, 84, 400–408.
Watt, J. A. J., Burke, I. T., Edwards, R. A., Malcolm, H. M., Mayes, W. M., Olszewska, J. P., Pan, G., Graham, M. C., Heal, K. V., Rose, N. L., Turner, S. D., & Spears, B. M. (2018). Vanadium: A re-emerging environmental hazard. Environmental Science & Technology, 52, 11973–11974.
Weber, K., & Quicker, P. (2018). Properties of biochar. Fuel, 217, 240–261.
Wolowicz, A., Wawrzkiewicz, M., Hubicki, Z., Siwinska-Ciesielczyk, K., Kubiak, A., & Jesionowski, T. (2022). Enhanced removal of vanadium (V) from acidic streams using binary oxide systems of TiO2-ZrO2 and TiO2-ZnO type. Separation and Purification Technology, 280, 119916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119916
Wright, M. T., Stollenwerk, K. G., & Belitz, K. (2014). Assessing the solubility controls on vanadium in groundwater, northeastern San Joaquin Valley, CA. Applied Geochemistry, 48, 41–52.
Xiao, X., Jiang, Z., Guo, Z., Wang, M., Zhu, H., Han, X. (2017). Effect of simulated acid rain on leaching and transformation of vanadium n paddy soils from stone coal smelting area. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 109, 697–703.
Yang, J., Tang, Y. (2015). Accumulation and biotransformation of vanadium in Opuntiamicrodasys. Bullentin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 94, 448–452.
Yang, J., Tang, Y., Yang, K., Rouff, A. A., Elzinga, E. J., & Huang, J. (2014). Leaching characteristics of vanadium in mine talings and soils near a vanadium titanomagnetite mining site. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 264, 498–504.
Yang, J., Wang, Y., Gao, X., Zuo, R., Song, L., Jin, C., & Teng, Y. (2022). Vanadium: A review of different extraction methods to evaluate bioavailability and speciation. Minerals, 12(5), 642.
Yayayuruk, A. E., Shahwan, T., Sanli-Mohamed, G., & Eroglu, A. E. (2018). Trypsin-immobilized silica: A novel adsorbent for V(IV) and V+5 removal from water. Water Environment Research, 90, 2056–2065.
Yu, Y., Li, J., Liao, Y., & Yang, J. (2020). Effectivness, stabilization, and potential feasible analysis of a biochar material on simultaneous remediation and quality improvement of vanadium contaminated soil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123506.
Zhang, B., Hao, L., Tian, C., Yuan, S., Feng, C., Ni, J., & Borthwick, A. G. L. (2015). Microbial reduction and precipitation of vanadium (V) in groundwater by immobilized mixed anaerobic culture. Bioresource Technology, 192, 410–417.
Zhang, H., Zhang, B., Wang, S., Chen, J., Jiang, B., & Xing, Y. (2020). Spatiotemporal vanadium distribution in soils with microbial community dynamics at vanadium smelting site. Environmental Pollution, 265, 114782.
Zheng, R., Feng, X., Zou, W., Wang, R., Yang, D., Wei, W., Li, S., & Chen, H. (2021). Converting loess into zeolite for heavy metal polluted soil remediation based on “soil for soil-remediation” strategy. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 412, 125199.
Zou, Q., Li, D., Jiang, J., Aihemaiti, A., Gao, Y., Liu, N., & Liu, J. (2019b). Geochemical simulation of the stabilization process of vanadium contaminated soil remediated with calcium oxide and ferrous sulfate. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 174, 498–505.
Zou, Q., Xiang, H., Jiang, J., Li, D., Aihemaiti, A., Yan, F., & Liu, N. (2019a). Vanadium and chromium-contaminated soil remediation using VFAs derived from food waste as soil washing agents: A case study. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 895–901.
Funding
This work was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC-DDG-2022–00020) and work-study program of University of Winnipeg.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The first draft of the manuscript was written by MH. Conceptualization, supervision, and editing was done by SI. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval and consent to participate.
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Haak, M.R., Indraratne, S.P. Soil amendments for vanadium remediation: a review of remediation of vanadium in soil through chemical stabilization and bioremediation. Environ Geochem Health 45, 4107–4125 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01498-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01498-8