Abstract
Present study aims to assess the mass, composition, and sources of PM10 and PM2.5 (particulate matter having aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 and 2.5 µm aerodynamic diameter, respectively) in Vellore city. Seasonal samples collected in traffic and residential sites were analyzed for ions, elements, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 is carried out using Chemical Mass Balance, Unmix, Positive Matrix Factorization and Principal Component Analysis receptor models. Results showed that traffic site had higher annual concentration (PM2.5 = 62 ± 32 and PM10 = 112 ± 23 µg m−3) when compared to residential site (PM2.5 = 54 ± 22 and PM10 = 98 ± 20 µg m−3). Al, Ca, Fe, K, and Mg known to have crustal origin dominated the element composition irrespective of PM size and sampling site. Among ions, SO42− accounted highest in both sites with an average of 70 and 60% to PM2.5 and PM10 ionic mass. Elemental carbon contribution to PM mass was found highest in traffic site (PM2.5 = 17 to 23% and PM10 = 8 to 10%) than residential site (PM2.5 = 9 to 17% and PM10 = 4 to 8%). Elements, ions, OC, and EC accounted 12, 28, 34, and 16% of PM2.5 mass and 12, 21, 20, and 8% of PM10 mass, respectively. Different sources identified by the receptor models are resuspended road dust, crustal material, secondary aerosol, traffic, non-exhaust vehicular emissions, secondary nitrate, construction, cooking, and biomass burning. Since Vellore is aspiring to be a smart city, this study can help the policymakers in effectively curbing PM.
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Acknowledgements
We sincerely thank Prof. Ramya Sunder Raman, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, India for her support in OC/EC analysis.
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This work was supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India under Core Research Grant (CRG/2018/000159).
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Srimuruganandam and Manojkumar contributed to conceptualization and methodology; Manojkumar, Jithin Jose, Gowtham Gupta, and Ankur Bhardwaj contributed to formal analysis and investigation; Manojkumar and Jithin Jose contributed to writing—original draft preparation; Srimuruganandam contributed to writing—review and editing, funding acquisition, supervision.
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Manojkumar, N., Jose, J., Guptha, G. et al. Mass, composition, and sources of particulate matter in residential and traffic sites of an urban environment. Environ Geochem Health 45, 2031–2050 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01327-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01327-4