Abstract
Herbicides are chemicals used globally to kill unwanted plants so as to obtain high agricultural yields and good agricultural products. Herbicides are sometimes transported from the farmlands into water bodies mainly through runoffs. These chemicals are recalcitrant, and their accumulation is hazardous to abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. At present, the best alternative technology for elimination of herbicides in water is the usage of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The AOPs, which are performed homogeneously or heterogeneously, are capable of breaking down complex pollutants in water into carbon dioxide and mineral compounds. In these processes, ·OH is produced and used for degradation process. It is recommended that the total organic carbon (TOC) produced during degradation reaction be monitored because the ‧OH produced or generated can react to form intermediates before complete mineralisation is achieved. Different kinds of AOPs for degradation of herbicides have their specific advantages as well as limitations. This report shows that AOPs are excellent techniques for degradation of herbicides in aqueous solutions, and the mechanisms showed that herbicides were mineralised. The amount and type of photocatalysts, pH of the medium, surface characteristics of the photocatalysts, doping of the photocatalysts, temperature of the medium, concentration of herbicides, presence of competing ions, intensity and irradiation period, and type of oxidants have great influence on the degradation of herbicides in water. Overall, this report showed that most AOPs could not completely degrade herbicides in water and complete degradation can be achieved by developing novel and robust AOPs that will completely mineralise herbicides in water—this will pave way for water and environmental safety.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data
No data generated.
References
Adak, A., Das, I., Mondal, B., Koner, S., Datta, P., & Blaney, L. (2019). Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by UV 253.7 and UV-H2O2: Reaction kinetics and effects of interfering substances. Emerging Contaminants, 5, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2019.02.004
Adelana, S. M. A. (2005). Water and human health. Water Encyclopedia. https://doi.org/10.1002/047147844x.dw34
Ahmed, S. N., & Haider, W. (2018). Heterogeneous photocatalysis and its potential applications in water and wastewater treatment: A review. Nanotechnology, 29(34), 342001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aac6ea
Ajmal, A., Majeed, I., Malik, R. N., Idriss, H., & Nadeem, M. A. (2014). Principles and mechanisms of photocatalytic dye degradation on TiO2 based photocatalysts: A comparative overview. RSC Advances, 4(70), 37003–37026. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06658h
Akashe, M. M., Pawade, U. V., & Nikam, A. V. (2018). Classification of pesticides: A review. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, 9(4), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.094131
Alfano, O. M., Brandi, R. J., & Cassano, A. E. (2001). Degradation kinetics of 2,4-D in water employing hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 82(1–3), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(00)00358-2
Ancy, K., Vijilvani, C., Bindhu, M. R., Bai, S. J. S., Almaary, K. S., Dawoud, T. M., Mubarak, A., & Alfadul, M. S. (2021). Visible light assisted photocatalytic degradation of commercial dyes and waste water by Sn–F co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles with potential antimicrobial application. Chemosphere, 277, 130247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130247
Andreozzi, R., Caprio, V., Insola, A., & Marotta, R. (1999). Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery. Catalysis Today, 53(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00102-9
Aslani, H., Nasseri, S., Nabizadeh, R., Mesdaghinia, A., Alimohammadi, M., & Nazmara, S. (2017). Haloacetic acids degradation by an efficient ferrate/UV process: Byproduct analysis, kinetic study, and application of response surface methodology for modeling and optimization. Journal of Environmental Management, 203, 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.072
Astas, S. (2008). Use of selected advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for wastewater treatment—A mini review. Global NEST Journal, 10, 376–385.
Ba-abbad, M. M., Kadhum, A. A. H., Mohamad, A. B., & Takriff, M. S. (2012). 7064871.Pdf. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7, 4871–4888.
Barakat, N. A. M., Kanjwal, M. A., Chronakis, I. S., & Kim, H. Y. (2013). Influence of temperature on the photodegradation process using Ag-doped TiO2 nanostructures: Negative impact with the nanofibers. Journal of Molecular Catalysis a: Chemical, 366, 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2012.10.012
Baran, W., Makowski, A., & Wardas, W. (2003). The influence of FeCl3 on the photocatalytic degradation of dissolved azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensions. Chemosphere, 53(1), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00435-1
Barrera-díaz, C., Frontana-uribe, B., & Bilyeu, B. (2014). Chemosphere removal of organic pollutants in industrial wastewater with an integrated system of copper electrocoagulation and electrogenerated. Chemosphere, 105, 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.026
Bobu, M. M., Siminiceanu, I., & Lundanes, E. (2007). Monuron and isoproturon mineralization in water by a heterogeneous photo-fenton process. Revista De Chimie, 58(10), 988–991.
Bolong, N., Ismail, A. F., Salim, M. R., & Matsuura, T. (2009). A review of the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal. Desalination, 239(1–3), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.020
Bradu, C., Magureanu, M., & Parvulescu, V. I. (2017). Degradation of the chlorophenoxyacetic herbicide 2,4-D by plasma-ozonation system. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 336, 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.050
Cai, J., Zhou, M., Pan, Y., & Lu, X. (2020). Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by anodic oxidation and electro-fenton using BDD anode: Influencing factors and mechanism. Separation and Purification Technology, 230, 115867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115867
Chong, M. N., Jin, B., Chow, C. W. K., & Saint, C. (2010). Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: A review. Water Research, 44(10), 2997–3027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039
Chong, M. N., Lei, S., Jin, B., Saint, C., & Chow, C. W. K. (2009). Optimisation of an annular photoreactor process for degradation of Congo Red using a newly synthesized titania impregnated kaolinite nano-photocatalyst. Separation and Purification Technology, 67(3), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.04.001
Chu, W., Gao, N., Li, C., & Cui, J. (2009). Photochemical degradation of typical halogenated herbicide 2,4-D in drinking water with UV/H2O2/micro-aeration. Science in China Series b: Chemistry, 52(12), 2351–2357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-009-0132-x
Coat, S., Monti, D., Legendre, P., Bouchon, C., Massat, F., & Lepoint, G. (2011). Organochlorine pollution in tropical rivers (Guadeloupe): Role of ecological factors in food web bioaccumulation. Environmental Pollution, 159(6), 1692–1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.036
Coleman, H. M., Vimonses, V., Leslie, G., & Amal, R. (2007). Degradation of 1,4-dioxane in water using TiO2 based photocatalytic and H2O2/UV processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 146(3), 496–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.049
Collins, J., & Bolton, J. R. (2016). Advanced oxidation handbook. American Water Works Association.
Costa, L. G., & Aschner, M. (2021). Neurotoxicology; Overview (pp. 3–5).
Cuerda-Correa, E. M., Alexandre-Franco, M. F., & Fernández-González, C. (2020). Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of antibiotics from water. An overview. Water, 12(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010102
Daramola, I. O., & Adebayo, M. A. (2022). Recent developments in the application of advanced oxidative processes for remediation of persistent organic pollutants from water. In M. N. Rashed (Ed.), Persistent organic pollutants (POPs). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101304
Deng, Y., & Zhao, R. (2015). Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment. Current Pollution Reports, 1(3), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-015-0015-z
Duca, C., Imoberdorf, G., & Mohseni, M. (2017). Effects of inorganics on the degradation of micropollutants with vacuum UV (VUV) advanced oxidation. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A Toxic/hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 52(6), 524–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1282770
Dulio, V., van Bavel, B., Brorström-Lundén, E., Harmsen, J., Hollender, J., Schlabach, M., Slobodnik, J., Thomas, K., & Koschorreck, J. (2018). Emerging pollutants in the EU: 10 years of NORMAN in support of environmental policies and regulations. Environmental Sciences Europe. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0135-3
Edokpayi, J. N., Odiyo, J. O., & Durowoju, O. S. (2017). Household hazardous waste management in—Impact of wastewater on surface water quality in sub-Saharan Africa developing countries : A case study of South Africa. Water Quality, 18, 1–16.
EPA. (1997). Recent developments for in situ treatment of metal contaminated soils. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 703, 64.
Ersoy, N., Aksu, A., Taskin, O. S., Aslan, E., & Balkis, N. (2017). A novel eco-friendly advanced enzymatic Fenton oxidation process for the treatment of ship wastewater. Desalination and Water Treatment, 84, 20923. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20923
Evangelista de Duffard, A. M., Brusco, A., Duffard, R., García, G., & Saavedra, J. P. (1995). Changes in serotonin-immunoreactivity in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of rats exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid through lactation. Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology, 26(2), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02815012
Feng, D., Lü, J., Guo, S., & Li, J. (2020). Biochar enhanced the degradation of organic pollutants through a Fenton process using trace aqueous iron. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104677
Ferreira Mendes, K., Paula Justiniano Régo, A., Takeshita, V., & Luiz Tornisielo, V. (2020). Water resource pollution by herbicide residues. Biochemical Toxicology Heavy Metals and Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85159
Finčur, N., Sfîrloagă, P., Putnik, P., Despotović, V., Lazarević, M., Uzelac, M., Abramović, B., Vlazan, P., Ianăși, C., Alapi, T., Náfrádi, M., Maksimović, I., Putnik-Delić, M., & Merkulov, D. Š. (2021). Removal of emerging pollutants from water using environmentally friendly processes: Photocatalysts preparation, characterization, intermediates identification and toxicity assessment. Nanomaterials, 11(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11010215
Friedmann, D., Mendive, C., & Bahnemann, D. (2010). TiO2 for water treatment: Parameters affecting the kinetics and mechanisms of photocatalysis. Applied Catalysis b: Environmental, 99(3–4), 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.05.014
Gao, X., Guo, Q., Tang, G., Peng, W., Luo, Y., & He, D. (2019). Effects of inorganic ions on the photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 9(3), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2019.001
García, O., Isarain-Chávez, E., Garcia-Segura, S., Brillas, E., & Peralta-Hernández, J. M. (2013). Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by electro-oxidation and electro-Fenton/BDD processes using a pre-pilot plant. Electrocatalysis, 4(4), 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-013-0135-4
Garrido-Cardenas, J. A., Esteban-García, B., Agüera, A., Sánchez-Pérez, J. A., & Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2020). Wastewater treatment by advanced oxidation process and their worldwide research trends. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010170
Gaya, U. I., & Abdullah, A. H. (2008). Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: A review of fundamentals, progress and problems. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology c: Photochemistry Reviews, 9(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2007.12.003
Geissen, V., Mol, H., Klumpp, E., Umlauf, G., Nadal, M., van der Ploeg, M., van de Zee, S. E. A. T. M., & Ritsema, C. J. (2015). Emerging pollutants in the environment: A challenge for water resource management. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 3(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.03.002
Ghime, D., & Ghosh, P. (2020). Advanced oxidation processes: A powerful treatment option for the removal of recalcitrant organic compounds. Advanced Oxidation Processes Applications, Trends, and Prospects. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90192
Giannakis, S., Hendaoui, I., Jovic, M., Grandjean, D., De Alencastro, L. F., Girault, H., & Pulgarin, C. (2017). Solar photo-Fenton and UV/H2O2 processes against the antidepressant Venlafaxine in urban wastewaters and human urine. Intermediates formation and biodegradability assessment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 308, 492–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.084
Giannakis, S., Polo López, M. I., Spuhler, D., Sánchez Pérez, J. A., Fernández Ibáñez, P., & Pulgarin, C. (2016). Solar disinfection is an augmentable, in situ-generated photo-Fenton reaction—Part 1: A review of the mechanisms and the fundamental aspects of the process. Applied Catalysis b: Environmental, 199, 199–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.06.009
Giri, R. R., Ozaki, H., Taniguchi, S., & Takanami, R. (2008). Photocatalytic ozonation of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water with a new TiO2 fiber. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325993
Gnanaprakasam, A., Sivakumar, V. M., & Thirumarimurugan, M. (2015). Influencing parameters in the photocatalytic degradation of organic effluent via nanometal oxide catalyst: A review. Indian Journal of Materials Science, 2015, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/601827
Gogoi, A., Mazumder, P., Tyagi, V. K., Tushara Chaminda, G. G., An, A. K., & Kumar, M. (2018). Occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in water environment: A review. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 6, 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2017.12.009
Hu, G., Dai, J., Mai, B., Luo, X., Cao, H., Wang, J., Li, F., & Xu, M. (2010). Concentrations and accumulation features of organochlorine pesticides in the baiyangdian lake freshwater food web of North China. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 58(3), 700–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-009-9400-1
Hu, Q., Liu, B., Zhang, Z., Song, M., & Zhao, X. (2010). Temperature effect on the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under UV–Vis light irradiation. Journal Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition, 25(2), 210–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-010-2210-5
Huang, F., Yan, A., & Zhao, H. (2016). Influences of doping on photocatalytic properties of TiO2 photocatalyst. Semiconductor Photocatalysis Materials, Mechanisms and Applications. https://doi.org/10.5772/63234
Ibhadon, A. O., & Fitzpatrick, P. (2013). Heterogeneous photocatalysis: Recent advances and applications. Catalysts, 3(1), 189–218. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal3010189
Islam, F., Wang, J., Farooq, M. A., Khan, M. S. S., Xu, L., Zhu, J., Zhao, M., Muños, S., Li, Q. X., & Zhou, W. (2018a). Potential impact of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on human and ecosystems. Environment International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.020
Islam, F., Wang, J., Farooq, M. A., Khan, M. S. S., Xu, L., Zhu, J., Zhao, M., Muños, S., Li, Q. X., & Zhou, W. (2018b). Potential impact of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on human and ecosystems. Environment International, 111, 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.020
Junthip, J., Jumrernsuk, N., Klongklaw, P., Promma, W., & Sonsupap, S. (2019). Removal of paraquat herbicide from water by textile coated with anionic cyclodextrin polymer. SN Applied Sciences, 1(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-018-0102-z
Jurado, A., Vàzquez-Suñé, E., Carrera, J., López de Alda, M., Pujades, E., & Barceló, D. (2012). Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater in Spain: A review of sources, recent occurrence and fate in a European context. Science of the Total Environment, 440, 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.029
Kanigaridou, Y., Petala, A., Frontistis, Z., Antonopoulou, M., Solakidou, M., Konstantinou, I., Deligiannakis, Y., Mantzavinos, D., & Kondarides, D. I. (2017). Solar photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A with CuOx/BiVO4: Insights into the unexpectedly favorable effect of bicarbonates. Chemical Engineering Journal, 318, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.145
Karimi, L., Zohoori, S., & Yazdanshenas, M. E. (2014). Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solutions under UV irradiation using nano-strontium titanate as the nanophotocatalyst. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 18(5), 581–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.11.010
Kaur, R., Mavi, G. K., Raghav, S., & Khan, I. (2019). Pesticides classification and its impact on environment. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(03), 1889–1897. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.803.224
Khurana, P., Thatai, S., Sapna, & Kumar, D. (2019). Destruction of recalcitrant nanomaterials contaminants in industrial wastewater. In Emerging and nanomaterial contaminants in wastewater: Advanced treatment technologies. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814673-6.00006-1
Kovács, K., Farkas, J., Veréb, G., Arany, E., Simon, G., Schrantz, K., Dombi, A., Hernádi, K., & Alapi, T. (2016). Comparison of various advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of phenylurea herbicides. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 51(4), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.1120597
Kurian, M. (2021). Advanced oxidation processes and nanomaterials—A review. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2, 100090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100090
Lam, S. M., Sin, J. C., Abdullah, A. Z., & Mohamed, A. R. (2012). Degradation of wastewaters containing organic dyes photocatalysed by zinc oxide: A review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 41(1–3), 131–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.664698
Larramendy, M. L. (2019). Use and misuse and teir impact pesticides.
Li, D., Song, H., Meng, X., Shen, T., Sun, J., Han, W., & Wang, X. (2020). Effects of particle size on the structure and photocatalytic performance by alkali-treated TiO2. Nanomaterials, 10(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030546
Liu, Z., Hosseinzadeh, S., Wardenier, N., Verheust, Y., Chys, M., & Hulle, S. V. (2019). Combining ozone with UV and H2O2 for the degradation of micropollutants from different origins: Lab-scale analysis and optimization. Environmental Technology (united Kingdom), 40(28), 3773–3782. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1491630
Ma, D., Yi, H., Lai, C., Liu, X., Huo, X., An, Z., Li, L., Fu, Y., Li, B., Zhang, M., Qin, L., Liu, S., & Yang, L. (2021). Critical review of advanced oxidation processes in organic wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, 275, 130104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130104
Maksymiv, I. (2015). Pesticides: Benefits and hazards. Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 2(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.2.1.70-76
Malato, S., Fernández-Ibáñez, P., Maldonado, M. I., Blanco, J., & Gernjak, W. (2009). Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: Recent overview and trends. Catalysis Today, 147(1), 1–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2009.06.018
Maldonado, M. I., López-Martín, A., Colón, G., Peral, J., Martínez-Costa, J. I., & Malato, S. (2018). Solar pilot plant scale hydrogen generation by irradiation of Cu/TiO2 composites in presence of sacrificial electron donors. Applied Catalysis b: Environmental, 229, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.02.005
Massoudinejad, M., Yazdanbakhsh, A., Amini, M. M., Nourmoradi, H., & Keramati, H. (2020). Enhanced photocatalytic reduction of trichloroacetic acid using F-TiO2 in the presence of methanol: Degradation kinetics and byproducts pathway. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1756279
McCulloch, A. (2002). Trichloroacetic acid in the environment. Chemosphere, 47(7), 667–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00343-5
Mecha, A. C., & Chollom, M. N. (2020). Photocatalytic ozonation of wastewater: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18(5), 1491–1507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01020-x
Miguel, N., Ormad, M. P., Mosteo, R., & Ovelleiro, J. L. (2012). Photocatalytic degradation of pesticides in natural water: Effect of hydrogen peroxide. International Journal of Photoenergy. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/371714
Miklos, D. B., Remy, C., Jekel, M., Linden, K. G., & Hübner, U. (2018). Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment—A critical review. Water Research, 139, 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.042
Miranda-García, N., Suárez, S., Sánchez, B., Coronado, J. M., Malato, S., & Maldonado, M. I. (2011). Photocatalytic degradation of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents using immobilized TiO2 in a solar pilot plant. Applied Catalysis b: Environmental, 103(3–4), 294–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.01.030
Molla, M., Furukawa, M., Tateishi, I., Katsumata, H., & Kaneco, S. (2018). Optimization of alachlor photocatalytic degradation with nano-TiO2 in water under solar illumination: Reaction pathway and mineralization. Clean Technologies, 1(1), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol1010010
Mondal, K., & Sharma, A. (2016). Photocatalytic oxidation of pollutant dyes in wastewater by TiO2 and ZnO nano-materials—A Mini-review. Indian Institute of Tecnology, 2015, 36–72.
Muruganandham, M., Suri, R. P. S., Jafari, S., Sillanpää, M., Lee, G. J., Wu, J. J., & Swaminathan, M. (2014). Recent developments in homogeneous advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment. International Journal of Photoenergy. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/821674
Nair, D. S., & Kurian, M. (2017). Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of persistent chlorinated organics over cobalt substituted zinc ferrite nanoparticles at mild conditions: Reaction kinetics and catalyst reusability studies. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(1), 964–974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.01.021
Nakata, K., & Fujishima, A. (2012). TiO 2 photocatalysis: Design and applications. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 13(3), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.06.001
NAWQA. (2021). National water-quality assessment (NAWQA) featured: Updated contacts (pp. 1–20).
NIPHM, P. M. D. (2009). Pesticide classification on use, chemical nature, formulation, toxicity and action (pp. 1–123). National Institute of Post Harvest Management https://niphm.gov.in/Recruitments/ASO-PMD.pdf
Ojemaye, C. Y., Onwordi, C. T., Pampanin, D. M., Sydnes, M. O., & Petrik, L. (2020). Presence and risk assessment of herbicides in the marine environment of Camps Bay (Cape Town, South Africa). Science of the Total Environment, 738, 140346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140346
Ojemaye, M. O., Okoh, O. O., & Okoh, A. I. (2017). Adsorption of Cu2+ from aqueous solution by a novel material; azomethine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Separation and Purification Technology, 183, 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.055
Ojemaye, M. O., Okoh, O. O., & Okoh, A. I. (2018). Uptake of Zn2+ and As3+ from wastewater by adsorption onto imine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Water, 10(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10010036
Ojemaye, M. O., Okoh, O. O., & Okoh, A. I. (2019). Study on the adsorption of metal ions onto azomethine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in a single-and competitive-aqueous system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 146, 236–244. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23564
Okeke, I. S., Agwu, K. K., Ubachukwu, A. A., Madiba, I. G., Maaza, M., Whyte, G. M., & Ezema, F. I. (2021). Impact of particle size and surface defects on antibacterial and photocatalytic activities of undoped and Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles, biosynthesized using one-step simple process. Vacuum, 187, 110110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2021.110110
Ollis, D. F., Pelizzetti, E., & Serpone, N. (1991). Destruction of water contaminants. Environmental Science and Technology, 25(9), 1522–1529. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00021a001
Oturan, M. A., & Aaron, J. J. (2014). Advanced oxidation processes in water/wastewater treatment: Principles and applications. A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44(23), 2577–2641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.829765
Oturan, M. A., Oturan, N., Edelahi, M. C., Podvorica, F. I., & Kacemi, K. E. (2011). Oxidative degradation of herbicide diuron in aqueous medium by Fenton’s reaction based advanced oxidation processes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171(1), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.072
Pan, S., An, W., Li, H., Su, M., Zhang, J., & Yang, M. (2014). Cancer risk assessment on trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water of China using disability-adjusted life years. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 280, 288–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.080
Pardeshi, S. K., & Patil, A. B. (2008). A simple route for photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous zinc oxide suspension using solar energy. Solar Energy, 82(8), 700–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2008.02.007
Park, J., Brown, M. T., Depuydt, S., Kim, J. K., Won, D. S., & Han, T. (2017). Comparing the acute sensitivity of growth and photosynthetic endpoints in three Lemna species exposed to four herbicides. Environmental Pollution, 220, 818–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.064
Patel, M., Kumar, R., Kishor, K., Mlsna, T., Pittman, C. U., & Mohan, D. (2019). Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern in aquatic systems: Chemistry, occurrence, effects, and removal methods. Chemical Reviews, 119(6), 3510–3673. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299
Pileggi, M., Pileggi, S. A. V., & Sadowsky, M. J. (2020). Herbicide bioremediation: From strains to bacterial communities. Heliyon, 6(12), e05767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05767
Queiroz, S. C. N., Ferracini, V. L., Gomes, M. A. F., & Rosa, M. A. (2009). The behavior of hexazinone herbicide in recharge zone of guarani aquifer with sugarcane cultivated area. Quimica Nova, 32(2), 378–381. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-40422009000200020
Ramirez, L., Gentile, R. S., Zimmerman, S., & Stoll, S. (2019). Drinking and Lake Geneva waters. Impact of water. Water.
Rasheed, T., Bilal, M., Nabeel, F., Adeel, M., & Iqbal, H. M. N. (2019). Environmentally-related contaminants of high concern: Potential sources and analytical modalities for detection, quantification, and treatment. Environment International, 122, 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.038
Rolando, C. A., Baillie, B. R., Thompson, D. G., & Little, K. M. (2017). The risks associated with glyphosate-based herbicide use in planted forests. Forests, 8(6), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8060208
Sagir, M., Tahir, M. B., Akram, J., Tahir, M. S., & Waheed, U. (2020). Nanoparticles and significance of photocatalytic nanoparticles in wastewater treatment: A review. Current Analytical Chemistry, 17(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573411016999200607172553
Sarker, M., Ahmed, I., & Jhung, S. H. (2017). Adsorptive removal of herbicides from water over nitrogen-doped carbon obtained from ionic liquid@ZIF-8. Chemical Engineering Journal, 323, 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.103
Selvam, K., Muruganandham, M., Muthuvel, I., & Swaminathan, M. (2007). The influence of inorganic oxidants and metal ions on semiconductor sensitized photodegradation of 4-fluorophenol. Chemical Engineering Journal, 128(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2006.07.016
Sherwani, S. I., Arif, I. A., & Khan, H. A. (2015). Modes of action of different classes of herbicides. Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety. https://doi.org/10.5772/61779
Solomon, K. R., Dalhoff, K., Volz, D., & Van Der Kraak, G. (2013). Effects of herbicides on fish. Fish Physiology, 33(20), 369–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-398254-4.00007-8
Soriano-Molina, P., García Sánchez, J. L., Alfano, O. M., Conte, L. O., Malato, S., & Sánchez Pérez, J. A. (2018). Mechanistic modeling of solar photo-Fenton process with Fe3+-EDDS at neutral pH. Applied Catalysis b: Environmental, 233, 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.005
Sousa, M. A., Gonçalves, C., Vilar, V. J. P., Boaventura, R. A. R., & Alpendurada, M. F. (2012). Suspended TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of emerging contaminants in a municipal WWTP effluent using a solar pilot plant with CPCs. Chemical Engineering Journal, 198–199, 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.05.060
Srikanth, B., Goutham, R., Badri Narayan, R., Ramprasath, A., Gopinath, K. P., & Sankaranarayanan, A. R. (2017). Recent advancements in supporting materials for immobilised photocatalytic applications in waste water treatment. Journal of Environmental Management, 200, 60–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.063
Stefan, M. I. (2017). Advanced oxidation processes for water treatment—Fundamentals and applications. Water Intelligence Online, 16, 9781780407197. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780407197
Tang, C., & Chen, V. (2004). The photocatalytic degradation of reactive black 5 using TiO2/UV in an annular photoreactor. Water Research, 38(11), 2775–2781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.020
Teske, S. S., & Arnold, R. G. (2008). Removal of natural and xeno-estrogens during conventional wastewater treatment. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 7(2), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-008-9129-8
Trojanowicz, M., Bojanowska-Czajka, A., Bartosiewicz, I., & Kulisa, K. (2018). Advanced oxidation/reduction processes treatment for aqueous perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)—A review of recent advances. Chemical Engineering Journal, 336, 170–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.10.153
Umezawa, N., & Ye, J. (2012). Role of complex defects in photocatalytic activities of nitrogen-doped anatase TiO2. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 14(17), 5924–5934. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp24010f
US Law. (2000). 40 CFR—Definitions (pp. 1–6).
Verma, M., & Haritash, A. K. (2019). Degradation of amoxicillin by Fenton and Fenton-integrated hybrid oxidation processes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(1), 102886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.102886
Villegas- Guzman, P., Giannakis, S., Rtimi, S., Grandjean, D., Bensimon, M., de Alencastro, L. F., Torres-Palma, R., & Pulgarin, C. (2017). A green solar photo-Fenton process for the elimination of bacteria and micropollutants in municipal wastewater treatment using mineral iron and natural organic acids. Applied Catalysis b: Environmental, 219, 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.07.066
Wang, K., Guo, J., Yang, M., Junji, H., & Deng, R. (2009). Decomposition of two haloacetic acids in water using UV radiation, ozone and advanced oxidation processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162(2–3), 1243–1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.012
Wei, L., Shifu, C., Wei, Z., & Sujuan, Z. (2009). Titanium dioxide mediated photocatalytic degradation of methamidophos in aqueous phase. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(1), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.140
WHO. (2002). The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification 2000–2002. 58. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/en/pesticides_hazard.pdf
Xu, M., Wu, C., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Advancements in the Fenton process for wastewater treatment. Advanced Oxidation Processes Applications, Trends, and Prospects. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90256
Yan, X., Bao, R., & Yu, S. (2012). Effect of inorganic ions on the photocatalytic degradation of humic acid. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 86(8), 1318–1325. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024412060313
Yang, L., Yao, G., & Huang, S. (2020). Enhanced degradation of atrazine in water by VUV/UV/Fe process: Role of the in situ generated H2O2. Chemical Engineering Journal, 388, 124302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124302
Yang, L., & Zhang, Z. (2019). Degradation of six typical pesticides in water by VUV/UV/chlorine process: Evaluation of the synergistic effect. Water Research, 161, 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.021
Yuan, R., & Li, J. (2008). Effect of sprayable 1-MCP, AVG, and NAA on ethylene biosynthesis, preharvest fruit drop, fruit maturity, and quality of “delicious” apples. HortScience, 43(5), 1454–1460. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.5.1454
Zhang, J., Ji, Q., Lan, H., Zhang, G., Liu, H., & Qu, J. (2019). Synchronous reduction-oxidation process for efficient removal of trichloroacetic acid: H initiates dechlorination and ·oH Is responsible for removal efficiency. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(24), 14586–14594. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05389
Zhao, B., Li, X., Li, W., Yang, L., Li, J., Xia, W., Zhou, L., Wang, F., & Zhao, C. (2015). Degradation of trichloroacetic acid by an efficient Fenton/UV/TiO2 hybrid process and investigation of synergetic effect. Chemical Engineering Journal, 273, 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.03.012
Zhao, B., Wang, X., Shang, H., Li, X., Li, W., Li, J., Xia, W., Zhou, L., & Zhao, C. (2016). Degradation of trichloroacetic acid with an efficient Fenton assisted TiO2 photocatalytic hybrid process: Reaction kinetics, byproducts and mechanism. Chemical Engineering Journal, 289, 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.01.001
Zhu, H., Yang, D., Yu, G., Zhang, H., & Yao, K. (2006). A simple hydrothermal route for synthesizing SnO2 quantum dots. Nanotechnology, 17(9), 2386–2389. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/9/052
Funding
The work was supported by the National Research Foundation, South Africa (Grant Numbers: 121793 and 129545) and South Africa Medical Research Council (Grant Number: P790).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ID did investigation, methodology, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and visualisation. MO done conceptualisation, validation, writing—review and editing, supervision. AO was involved in supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. OO contributed to conceptualisation, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Ethical approval
Not applicable in this article.
Consent to participate
Not applicable in this article.
Consent to publish
Not applicable in this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Daramola, I.O., Ojemaye, M.O., Okoh, A.I. et al. Occurrence of herbicides in the aquatic environment and their removal using advanced oxidation processes: a critical review. Environ Geochem Health 45, 1231–1260 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01326-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01326-5