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Evaluation of groundwater for drinking and irrigation applications concerning physicochemical and ionic parameters through multiple indexing approach: a case study around the industrial zone, Punjab, India

Environmental Geochemistry and Health volume 45, pages 2077–2097 (2023)Cite this article

Abstract

The seasonal quality of groundwater and its appropriateness for drinking and irrigation were assessed using a multiple indexing approach in this study. Physicochemical and ionic parameters were examined in groundwater samples near the industrial zone of Rupnagar, Punjab. To assess groundwater quality, water quality index (WQI) and pollution index were used. The Durov's, piper, wilcox and stiff diagrams were plotted to understand the hydro-chemistry. Similarly, the irrigation indices, i.e., salinity hazard, sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage (Na%), magnesium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index and Kelley's ratio were applied to ascertain the water quality for agricultural purposes. As a result, total hardness, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and fluoride (F−) were found above the standard permissible limits. WQI analysis showed 12% samples of pre-monsoon (PRE-M) and 28% samples of post-monsoon (POS-M) were of poor quality, which may pose health risks. Hydrochemistry revealed the predominance of Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ and HCO3− ions in the groundwater attributed to natural and anthropogenic sources. Piper diagram revealed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl−, Na+-Cl−, Ca2+-Na+- HCO3−, Ca2+- HCO3− and Ca2+-Cl, Ca2+-HCO3− water types exist in the study area. USSL diagram showed that the samples from both seasons come under the low salinity hazard. In addition, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity showed a strong positive association, indicating the saline nature of groundwater. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering classified groundwater into three groups (I, II and III), revealing that groundwater quality varies due to natural and anthropogenic effects. Based on the findings, the groundwater was found marginally suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. It is therefore recommended that the groundwater is examined on a regular basis in order to maintain its quality.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful to the Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, for providing laboratory facilities. We also acknowledge the Health Care Without Harm (HCWH), U.S.A for partial support of the work.

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  1. Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India

    Nitasha Vig & Suman Mor

  2. Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India

    Khaiwal Ravindra

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NV involved in writing, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation and visualization. Dr. RK involved in conceptualization, supervision, methodology, visualization and reviewing and editing. Dr. SM involved in conceptualization, supervision, methodology, resources, visualization, reviewing and editing.

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Vig, N., Ravindra, K. & Mor, S. Evaluation of groundwater for drinking and irrigation applications concerning physicochemical and ionic parameters through multiple indexing approach: a case study around the industrial zone, Punjab, India. Environ Geochem Health 45, 2077–2097 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01309-6

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