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Classification of groundwater using multivariate statistical methods: a case study from a part of Haryana, northwestern India

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Abstract

This article aimed to estimate the local underground water associations, which will, in turn, be applied to discuss the location of each underground water cluster in the flow system. Additionally, this investigation intended to evaluate underground water's aptness from aquifers of the study area for domestic agricultural activities and the prime sources of alteration in the water chemistry. Geographically, the region does not have the privilege of the river (except the Yamuna in the eastern part) running through it and thus, has to rely heavily on groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to study the groundwater characteristics in this region. This investigation manifested two sub-surface water associations (groups) showing two prime underground water types in the study area: the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water-types, groups (clusters) 1 member; and the sodium-bicarbonate-chloride water-types consisting of Group 2 members during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon periods. Group 1 is typical of underground water in recharge regions of the underground water flow system. It is the cleanest underground water type in part except for a few groundwater samples. The highest mean salinity was vested in group 2, the signature of underground waters in discharge regions of the underground water flow system. This investigation observes that three principal elements controlled the hydro-chemistry of underground water in the study area: chemical fertilizers from farms, carbonate mineral weathering, calcite, fluorite, silicate minerals, and exchange of cations in the region. All the underground water groups had high sodium (Na) concentrations and will cause the Na-hazard when applied for agricultural activities. Most samples of groups 1 and 2 were within the class II and I area of Doneen's plot during both periods and were therefore acceptable for agricultural activities in the investigation region.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the funding agency National Institute of Technology (Govt. of India), Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.

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On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author wishes to manifest his gratitude to the National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India, for funding this investigation.

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, J. C. Bose University of Science and Technology YMCA, Faridabad, Haryana, India

    Sandeep Ravish & Surinder Deswal

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India

    Baldev Setia

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The corresponding author SR performed background research and conducted the study. SR wrote the manuscript and prepared the figures and tables. The co-authors BS and SD supervised the concerning research and aided in data analysis. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

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Ravish, S., Setia, B. & Deswal, S. Classification of groundwater using multivariate statistical methods: a case study from a part of Haryana, northwestern India. Environ Geochem Health 45, 1757–1791 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01288-8

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