Abstract
Eutrophication level in lakes and reservoirs depends on both internal and external phosphorus (P) load. Characterization of sediment P fractionation and identifying the P pollution sources are important for assessing the bio-availability of P and the dominant P source, for effectively controlling the water pollution. For determining the availability and sources of sediment P and eutrophication status, spatio-temporal variation in different P fractionation of sediment of hyper-eutrophic Krishnagiri reservoir, Tamil Nadu, India, was investigated. Sediment average total P (TP) content ranged from 4.62 to 5.64 g/kg. Main phosphorus form was the inorganic P (IP), and it makes up to 73.4–87.7% of TP. Among the different P fraction, viz. calcium bound (Ca-P), iron bound (Fe–P), aluminium bound (Al-P), exchangeable (Ex-P) and Organic-P (Org-P), Ca-P was the dominating fraction in both IP and TP. Trend of IP fraction was as follows: Ca-P > Fe–P > Al-P > Ex-P in pre-monsoon season, Fe–P > Ca-P > Al-P > Ex-P in monsoon and Ca-P > Al-P > Fe–P > Ex-P in post-monsoon. Overall the trend was as follows Ca-P > Fe–P > Al-P > Org-P > Ex-P. Bio-available-P (BAP) fractions ranged from 35.2 to 64.0% of TP, indicating its comparative higher value. Pearson’s correlation matrix revealed that there was strong correlation among the different P fractions. Factor analysis indicates that different fractions of P were the dominating factor than the other sediment parameters. The observed variation in sediment P fractionation indicate the differences in source and characterization of P which is very helpful for implementation of effective management practices in controlling pollution that arises due to phosphorus in this hyper-eutrophic reservoir.
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The datasets generated and analysed during the present investigation are not publicly available and upon request data can be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The authors are grateful to Director, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, India for providing facilities to undertake the study. Sincere thanks to Director and staff of Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, India. Senior author is thankful to M. Pennappa for helping in collection and analysis of sample.
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This work has been funded by ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, India, from its institutional research grant.
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Ajoy Saha contributed to the study conception, sample collection and analysis, data analysis, draft manuscript preparation; Jesna P. K. helped in interpretation of data, manuscript review, and editing; V. L. Ramya contributed to research design, sample collection and analysis; Sibina Mol S helped in data interpretation and manuscript reviewing; Preetha Panikkar involved in manuscript review and editing; Vijaykumar M. E. assisted in sample collection and analysis; U.K. Sarkar coordinate the overall work; B. K. Das provided inputs through over all compilation and editing of the manuscript.
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Saha, A., Jesna, P.K., Ramya, V.L. et al. Phosphorus fractions in the sediment of a tropical reservoir, India: Implications for pollution source identification and eutrophication. Environ Geochem Health 44, 749–769 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00985-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00985-0