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Interaction of zinc oxide nanoparticles with soil: Insights into the chemical and biological properties

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Abstract

Widespread use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) threatens soil, plants, terrestrial and aquatic animals. Thus, it is essential to explore the fate and behavior of NPs in soil and also its mechanism of interaction with soil microbial biodiversity to maintain soil health and quality to accomplish essential ecosystem services. With this background, the model experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to study the impact of ZnO-NPs on soil taking maize as a test crop. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Particles size analysis of engineered NPs confirmed that the material was ZnO-NPs (particle size—-65.82 nm). The application of ZnO-NPs resulted in a significant decrease in soil pH. Significantly high EC (0.13 dS m−1) was recorded where ZnO-NPs were applied at the rate of 2.5 mg Zn kg−1 soil over control (0.12 dS m−1). A significant increase in soil available phosphorus was observed on applying ZnO-NPs (15.29 mg kg−1 of soil) as compared to control (11.84 mg kg−1 of soil). Maximum soil available Zn (2.09 mg kg−1) was recorded in ZnO-NPs-amended soil (T11) which was significantly higher than control (0.33 mg kg−1) as well as treatments containing conventional zincatic fertilizers. The inhibition rates of dehydrogenase enzyme activity in the presence of 0.5 mg, 1.25 mg and 2.5 mg ZnO-NPs per kg soil were 31.3, 46.2 and 49.7%, respectively. Soil microbial biomass carbon was significantly reduced (103.33 µg g−1 soil) in soils treated with ZnO-NPs over control (111.33 µg g−1 soil). Soil bacterial count was also significantly lesser (12.33 × 105 CFU) in the case where 2.5 mg kg−1 ZnO-NPs were applied as compared to control (21.33 × 105 CFU). The corresponding decrease in fungal and actinomycetes colony count was 24.16, 37.35, 46.15% and 14.59, 17.97, 22.45% with the application of 0.5 mg, 1.25 mg and 2.5 mg ZnO-NPs per kg soil, respectively, as compared to control. Thus, the use of ZnO-NPs resulted in an increase in soil available Zn but inhibited soil microbial activity.

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The data are from our conducted field experiment, and all the methods are used mentioned in the manuscript.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Prof. Nirmal De, Head of Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, for his help, support and critical suggestion which were needed for the successful conduction of this experiment. Sincere thanks are given to Prof. Anchal Srivatava, Department of Physics, BHU, Varanasi, for proving facilities essential for dispersion of zinc oxide nanoparticles and Prof. Pralay Maiti, School of Materials Science and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, for obtaining XRD and FTIR images of the material. The authors of the manuscript (V. Rajput and T. Minkina) would like to acknowledge funding from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant no. 21-77-20089.

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  1. Yukti Verma

    Present address: ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, 412307, India

  2. Hanuman Singh Jatav

    Present address: Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur, 303329, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India

    Yukti Verma, Satish Kumar Singh & Hanuman Singh Jatav

  2. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090

    Vishnu D. Rajput & Tatiana Minkina

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Contributions

SKS and YV conceived and designed the study. SKS and YV carried out the experiments. YV and HSJ analyzed the data. All authors contributed to data interpretation. YV, HSJ wrote the manuscript, VDR and TM corrected the final version. SKS provided guidance on the whole study and improved the manuscript. All the authors are equally contributed to the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Verma, Y., Singh, S.K., Jatav, H.S. et al. Interaction of zinc oxide nanoparticles with soil: Insights into the chemical and biological properties. Environ Geochem Health 44, 221–234 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00929-8

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