Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Occurrence, potential sources, in vitro bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metal in indoor dust from different microenvironment of Bushehr, Iran

Environmental Geochemistry and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Cite this article

Abstract

Indoor dust samples were collected from 42 microenvironments of residential buildings (RB, 15 samples), official buildings (OB, 10 samples), laboratory rooms (LR, 7 samples), and school classroom (SCR, 10 samples) in Bushehr, whereby the concentration of zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium was studied. The results of this study indicated that the mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni in the indoor dust samples were 567.18, 186.09, 209.01, 5.31, 143.20, and 57.09 mg/kg in RB, 1077.34, 539.67, 274.89, 8.12, 155.30, and 92.55 mg/kg in OB, 246.40, 149.56, 127.2, 1.96, 43.45, and 91.09 mg/kg in LR and 271.43, 189.84, 164.44, 3.06, 124.20, and 70.09 mg/kg in SCR. The results of principal cluster analysis showed that the heavy metals in indoor environments were mostly originated from smoking tobacco and cigarette, traffic sources, old building materials, and building paint colors. The results of this study also revealed that the concentration of heavy metals in indoor dust had a negative and significant relationship (P value < 0.05 in most cases) with rate of ventilation, and a positive and significant relationship with smoking inside buildings (P value < 0.05 in most cases). The bioaccessibility for zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium was 69.12, 40.08, 43.33, 79.81, 31.10, and 6.31%, respectively, in indoor dust. Further, risk assessment showed that the risk values of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity resulting from heavy metals inside the studied microenvironments had exceeded the recommended safe limit by EPA. In terms of potential ecological risks, it was found that heavy metals in these microenvironments have exceeded the hazardous ecological levels presented by different indices and can have considerable negative ecological effects. Thus, it is essential that further and better studies and monitoring be performed on these environments, and suitable control recommendations and solutions should be regulated for this public health threat.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • USEPA. (1989). Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Vol. I: Human health evaluation manual (Part A). EPA/540/1-89/002.

  • Al-Khashman, O. A. (2004). Heavy metal distribution in dust, street dust and soils from the work place in Karak Industrial Estate Jordan. Atmospheric Environment, 38(39), 6803–6812.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arfaeinia, H., Dobaradaran, S., Moradi, M., Pasalari, H., Mehrizi, E. A., Taghizadeh, F., et al. (2019). The effect of land use configurations on concentration, spatial distribution, and ecological risk of heavy metals in coastal sediments of northern part along the Persian Gulf. Science of the Total Environment, 653, 783–791.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barcan, V., & Kovnatsky, E. (1998). Soil surface geochemical anomaly around the copper-nickel metallurgical smelter. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 103(1–4), 197–218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellinger, D. (1995). Neuropsychologic function in children exposed to environmental lead. Epidemiology. pp. 101–3.

  • Burbure, Cd, Buchet, J.-P., Bernard, A., Leroyer, A., Nisse, C., Haguenoer, J.-M., et al. (2003). Biomarkers of renal effects in children and adults with low environmental exposure to heavy metals. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, 66(9), 783–798.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra Mouli, P., Venkata Mohan, S., Balaram, V., Praveen Kumar, M., & Jayarama, R. S. (2006). A study on trace elemental composition of atmospheric aerosols at a semi-arid urban site using ICP-MS technique. Atmospheric Environment, 40(1), 136–146.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., & Lu, X. (2018). Contamination characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metals in topsoil from an area in Xi’an city, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 151, 153–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, Z., Chen, L.-J., Li, H.-H., Lin, J.-Q., Yang, Z.-B., Yang, Y.-X., et al. (2018). Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via household dust from urban area in Chengdu. China. Science of The Total Environment, 619, 621–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazlzadeh DM, Rostami R, Zarei A, Feizizadeh M, Mahdavi M, Mohammadi A, et al. (2012). A survey of 24 hour variations of BTEX concentration in the ambient air of Tehran.

  • Ferreira-Baptista, L., & De Miguel, E. (2005). Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment. Atmospheric Environment, 39(25), 4501–4512.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Górka-Kostrubiec, B. (2015). The magnetic properties of indoor dust fractions as markers of air pollution inside buildings. Building and Environment, 90, 186–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habibollahi, M. H., Karimyan, K., Arfaeinia, H., Mirzaei, N., Safari, Y., Akramipour, R., et al. (2019). Extraction and determination of heavy metals in soil and vegetables irrigated with treated municipal wastewater using new mode of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidified deep eutectic solvent followed by GFAAS. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(2), 656–665.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haghnazari, L., Mirzaei, N., Arfaeinia, H., Karimyan, K., Sharafi, H., & Fattahi, N. (2018). Speciation of As()/As(V) and Total Inorganic Arsenic in Biological Fluids Using New Mode of Liquid-Phase Microextraction and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Biological Trace Element Research, 183(1), 173–181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water research, 14(8), 975–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, Y., Cao, J., & Posmentier, E. S. (2006). Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi'an, Central China. Science of the Total Environment, 355(1–3), 176–186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H., Jiang, Y., Xu, X., & Cao, X. (2018). In vitro bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metals in atmospheric particulate matters from three different functional areas of Shanghai China. Science of The Total Environment, 610–611, 546–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, A., Johnson, D. L., & Griffith, D. A. (2006). Mass transfer of soil indoors by track-in on footwear. Science of the Total Environment, 370(2–3), 360–371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jafari, A. J., Kermani, M., Kalantary, R. R., & Arfaeinia, H. (2018). The effect of traffic on levels, distribution and chemical partitioning of harmful metals in the street dust and surface soil from urban areas of Tehran, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(2), 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaradat, Q. M., Momani, K. A., Jbarah, A.-A. Q., & Massadeh, A. (2004). Inorganic analysis of dust fall and office dust in an industrial area of Jordan. Environmental Research, 96(2), 139–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, Y., Cheung, K. C., & Wong, M. H. (2011). Mutagenicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenic risk assessment of indoor dust from three major cities around the Pearl River Delta. Environment International, 37(3), 637–643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, Y., Man, Y. B., Cheung, K. C., & Wong, M. H. (2012). Risk assessment of human exposure to bioaccessible phthalate esters via indoor dust around the Pearl River Delta. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(15), 8422–8430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karbasdehi, V. N., Dobaradaran, S., Nabipour, I., Arfaeinia, H., Mirahmadi, R., & Keshtkar, M. (2016). Data on metal contents (As, Ag, Sr, Sn, Sb, and Mo) in sediments and shells of Trachycardium lacunosum in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. Data in Brief, 8, 966–971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurt-Karakus, P. B. (2012). Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from Istanbul, Turkey: Estimation of the health risk. Environment International, 50, 47–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kylander, M. E., Rauch, S., Morrison, G. M., & Andam, K. (2003). Impact of automobile emissions on the levels of platinum and lead in Accra Ghana. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 5(1), 91–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Layton, D. W., & Beamer, P. I. (2009). Migration of contaminated soil and airborne particulates to indoor dust. Environmental Science and Technology., 43(21), 8199–8205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, B., Feng, C., Li, X., Chen, Y., Niu, J., & Shen, Z. (2012). Spatial distribution and source apportionment of PAHs in surficial sediments of the Yangtze Estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(3), 636–643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Poon, C-s, & Liu, P. S. (2001). Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong. Applied Geochemistry, 16(11–12), 1361–1368.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y.-P., Cheng, B.-Y., Chu, H.-J., Chang, T.-K., & Yu, H.-L. (2011). Assessing how heavy metal pollution and human activity are related by using logistic regression and kriging methods. Geoderma, 163(3–4), 275–282.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez, L. L. G., & Poleto, C. (2014). Assessment of diffuse pollution associated with metals in urban sediments using the geoaccumulation index (I geo). Journal of Soils and Sediments, 14(7), 1251–1257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morawska, L. (2004). Indoor particles, combustion products and fibres. Air Pollution (pp. 117–147). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreda-Piñeiro, J., Moreda-Piñeiro, A., Romarís-Hortas, V., Moscoso-Pérez, C., López-Mahía, P., Muniategui-Lorenzo, S., et al. (2011). In-vivo and in-vitro testing to assess the bioaccessibility and the bioavailability of arsenic, selenium and mercury species in food samples. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 30(2), 324–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morman, S. A., Plumlee, G. S., & Smith, D. B. (2009). Application of in vitro extraction studies to evaluate element bioaccessibility in soils from a transect across the United States and Canada. Applied Geochemistry, 24(8), 1454–1463.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naddafi, K., Nabizadeh, R., Rostami, R., Ghaffari, H. R., & Fazlzadeh, M. (2019a). Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the indoor air of waterpipe cafés: Measuring exposures and assessing health effects. Building and Environment, 165, 106392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naddafi, K., Nabizadeh, R., Rostamy, R., Kalan, M. E., Hassanvand, M. S., & Fazlzadeh, M. (2019b). Indoor air quality in waterpipe cafés: exposure level to particulate matter. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(26), 26605–26616.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okorie, A., Entwistle, J., & Dean, J. R. (2012). Estimation of daily intake of potentially toxic elements from urban street dust and the role of oral bioaccessibility testing. Chemosphere, 86(5), 460–467.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olujimi, O., Steiner, O., & Goessler, W. (2015). Pollution indexing and health risk assessments of trace elements in indoor dusts from classrooms, living rooms and offices in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 101, 396–404.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pourkhabbaz, A., & Pourkhabbaz, H. (2012). Investigation of toxic metals in the tobacco of different Iranian cigarette brands and related health issues. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 15(1), 636.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rashed, M. N. (2008). Total and extractable heavy metals in indoor, outdoor and street dust from Aswan City, Egypt. CLEAN—Soil, Air, Water, 36(10–11), 850–857.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, P. E., Levesque, C., Chénier, M., Gardner, H. D., Jones-Otazo, H., & Petrovic, S. (2013). Canadian House Dust Study: Population-based concentrations, loads and loading rates of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc inside urban homes. Science of The Total Environment, 443, 520–529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EPA U. Regional Screening Level (RSL) (2014) Summary Table (TR= 1E-6, HQ= 1). United States Environmental Protection Agency Washington (DC), 2014.

  • Roberts, J. W., Wallace, L. A., Camann, D. E., Dickey, P., Gilbert, S. G., & Lewis, R. G. et al. (2009). Monitoring and reducing exposure of infants to pollutants in house dust. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 201, pp. 1–39). Berlin: Springer.

  • Romero-Romero, S., Herrero, L., Fernández, M., Gómara, B., & Acuña, J. L. (2017). Biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants in a deep-sea, temperate food web. Science of the Total Environment, 605–606, 589–597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rostami, R., Zarei, A., Saranjam, B., Ghaffari, H. R., Hazrati, S., Poureshg, Y., et al. (2019). Exposure and risk assessment of PAHs in indoor air of waterpipe cafés in Ardebil Iran. Building and Environment, 155, 47–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeedi, M., Li, L. Y., & Salmanzadeh, M. (2012). Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 227, 9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safari, Y., Karimaei, M., Sharafi, K., Arfaeinia, H., Moradi, M., & Fattahi, N. (2018). Persistent sample circulation microextraction combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy for trace determination of heavy metals in fish species marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(8), 2915–2924.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, G., Li, Z., Bi, X., Chen, Y., Lu, S., & Yuan, X. (2013). Distribution, sources and health risk assessment of mercury in kindergarten dust. Atmospheric Environment, 73, 169–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, J., Xu, Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, A., & Qi, H. (2018). Levels, occurrence and human exposure to novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) in dust from different indoor environments in Hangzhou China. Science of The Total Environment, 631, 1212–1220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trujillo-González, J. M., Torres-Mora, M. A., Keesstra, S., Brevik, E. C., & Jiménez-Ballesta, R. (2016). Heavy metal accumulation related to population density in road dust samples taken from urban sites under different land uses. Science of the Total Environment, 553, 636–642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Li, S., Cui, X., Li, H., Qian, X., Wang, C., et al. (2016). Bioaccessibility, sources and health risk assessment of trace metals in urban park dust in Nanjing, Southeast China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 128, 161–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yongming, H., Peixuan, D., Junji, C., & Posmentier, E. S. (2006). Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi'an, Central China. Science of The Total Environment, 355(1), 176–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuen, J. Q., Olin, P. H., Lim, H. S., Benner, S. G., Sutherland, R. A., & Ziegler, A. D. (2012). Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in road deposited sediments in residential and light industrial neighborhoods of Singapore. Journal of Environmental Management, 101, 151–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, N., Liu, J., Wang, Q., & Liang, Z. (2010). Heavy metals exposure of children from stairway and sidewalk dust in the smelting district, northeast of China. Atmospheric Environment, 44(27), 3239–3245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This research work was financial supported by Bushehr University of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 2636), and we gratefully acknowledge them.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran

    Seyed Enayat Hashemi, Masoud Parand, Bahman Ramavandi & Hossein Arfaeinia

  2. Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr, Iran

    Seyed Enayat Hashemi, Bahman Ramavandi & Hossein Arfaeinia

  3. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran

    Mehdi Fazlzadeh

  4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran

    Ehsan Ahmadi

  5. Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ehsan Ahmadi

  6. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Farhad Taghizadeh

Authors
  1. Seyed Enayat Hashemi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mehdi Fazlzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ehsan Ahmadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Masoud Parand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Bahman Ramavandi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Farhad Taghizadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hossein Arfaeinia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hossein Arfaeinia.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hashemi, S.E., Fazlzadeh, M., Ahmadi, E. et al. Occurrence, potential sources, in vitro bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metal in indoor dust from different microenvironment of Bushehr, Iran. Environ Geochem Health 42, 3641–3658 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00598-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00598-z

Keywords

search

Navigation