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Dose estimation of radioactivity in groundwater of Srinagar City, Northwest Himalaya, employing fluorimetric and scintillation techniques

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Abstract

The research is a maiden study aimed to assess the radioactivity in groundwater of Srinagar City using uranium and radon as proxies. In this study, 60 water samples were collected from various water sources that include bore wells, hand pumps and lakes of Srinagar City. Among them, 45 samples were taken from groundwater with depths ranging from 6 to − 126 m and the rest of the 15 samples were collected from surface sources like lakes, rivers and tap water. A gamma radiation survey of the area was carried out prior to collection of water samples, using a gamma radiation detector. A scintillation-based detector was utilized to measure radon, while as LED fluorimetry was employed to assess uranium in water samples. The average uranium concentration was found to be 2.63 μg L−1 with a maximum value of 15.28 μg L−1 which is less than the globally accepted permissible level of 30 µg L−1. 222Radon concentration varied from 0.2 to 38.5 Bq L−1 with an average value of 8.9 Bq L−1. The radon concentration in 19 groundwater samples (32% of total sites) exceeded the permissible limits of 11 Bq L−1 set by USEPA. This information could be of vital importance to health professionals in Kashmir who are researching on the incidence of lung cancers in the region given the fact that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancers after smoking worldwide.

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(Source Thakur and Rawat 1992; Chandra et al. 2018) showing sampling sites

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS), Trombay, Mumbai, India [Grant number: 36(4)/14/48/2015-BRNS]. The authors thank the three anonymous reviewers for their comments on the earlier version of the manuscript that greatly improved the structure and content of this manuscript. The authors express gratitude to the Groundwater Wing of state Public Health Engineering (PHE) department for providing the necessary data pertaining to the location of various wells in the Srinagar City.

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  1. Department of Physics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India

    Salik Nazir, Shakeel Simnani & Sajad Masood

  2. Radiation Safety Systems Division, Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India

    B. K. Sahoo

  3. Geoinformatics Program, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India

    Irfan Rashid

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Nazir, S., Simnani, S., Sahoo, B.K. et al. Dose estimation of radioactivity in groundwater of Srinagar City, Northwest Himalaya, employing fluorimetric and scintillation techniques. Environ Geochem Health 43, 837–854 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00576-5

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