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Anatomical and ultrastructural responses of Hordeum sativum to the soil spiked by copper

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Abstract

Effects of Cu toxicity from contaminated soil were analysed in spring barley (Hordeum sativum distichum), a widely cultivated species in South Russia. In this study, H. sativum was planted outdoors in one of the most fertile soils—Haplic Chernozem spiked with high concentration of Cu and examined between the boot and head emergence phase of growth. Copper toxicity was observed to cause slow ontogenetic development of plants, changing their morphometric parameters (shape, size, colour). To the best of our knowledge, the ultrastructural changes in roots, stems and leaves of H. sativum induced by excess Cu were fully characterized for the first time using transmission electron microscopy. The plant roots were the most effected, showing degradation of the epidermis, reduced number of parenchyma cells, as well as a significant decrease in the diameter of the stele and a disruption and modification to its cell structure. The comparative analysis of the ultrastructure of control plants and plants exposed to the toxic effects of Cu has made it possible to reveal significant disruption of the integrity of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membranes in the root with deposition of electron-dense material. The changes in the ultrastructure of the main cytoplasmic organelles—endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes—in the stem and leaves were found. The cellular Cu deposition, anatomical and ultrastructural modifications could mainly account for the primary impact points of metal toxicity. Therefore, this work extends the available knowledge of the mechanisms of the Cu effect tolerance of barley.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, Project No. 5.948.2017/PCh and Russian Academy of Sciences, Project No. AAAA-A19-119011190176-7.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090

    Tatiana Minkina, Vishnu Rajput, Grigory Fedorenko, Alexey Fedorenko, Saglara Mandzhieva & Svetlana Sushkova

  2. Southern Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006

    Grigory Fedorenko & Alexey Fedorenko

  3. Environmental Sciences Analytical Center, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA

    Tatiana Morin

  4. China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Jun Yao

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Minkina, T., Rajput, V., Fedorenko, G. et al. Anatomical and ultrastructural responses of Hordeum sativum to the soil spiked by copper. Environ Geochem Health 42, 45–58 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00269-8

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