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Use of an in vitro digestion method to estimate human bioaccessibility of Cd in vegetables grown in smelter-impacted soils: the influence of cooking

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Abstract

Metal contamination of urban soils and homegrown vegetables has caused major concern. Some studies showed that cadmium (Cd) was among the most significant hazards in kitchen garden soils and prolonged exposure to this metal could cause deleterious health effects in humans. In general, most risk assessment procedures are based on total concentrations of metals in vegetables. The present study assesses human bioaccessibility of Cd in vegetables cultivated in smelter-impacted kitchen garden soils. Seven vegetables (radish, lettuce, French bean, carrot, leek, tomato, and potato) were considered. Using the UBM protocol (unified BARGE bioaccessibility method), the bioaccessibility of Cd was measured in raw/cooked vegetables. A considerable amount of Cd was mobilized from raw vegetables during the digestion process (on average 85 % in the gastric phase and 69 % in the gastrointestinal phase), which could be attributed to a high uptake of Cd during the growth of the vegetables. Most Cd is accumulated in the vacuoles of plant cells, except what is absorbed by the cell wall, allowing Cd to be released from plant tissues under moderate conditions. Cooking by the steaming process generally increased the bioaccessibility of Cd in French bean, carrot, and leek. For potato, few or no significant differences of Cd bioaccessibility were observed after the steaming process, while the frying process strongly decreased bioaccessibility in both phases. The estimation of metal bioaccessibility in vegetables is helpful for human health risk assessment.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the gardeners who participated in the investigations. The study was funded by a grant from ADEME (French Agency for the Environment and energy Management) and the Nord—Pas de Calais Council.

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  1. ISA Lille, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), 48 boulevard Vauban, 59046, Lille Cedex, France

    Aurélie Pelfrêne, Christophe Waterlot & Francis Douay

  2. Laboratoire d’Analyse des Sols, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 273 rue de Cambrai, 62000, Arras, France

    Annie Guerin, Nicolas Proix & Antoine Richard

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  1. Aurélie Pelfrêne
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  2. Christophe Waterlot
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  3. Annie Guerin
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  5. Antoine Richard
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  6. Francis Douay
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Correspondence to Aurélie Pelfrêne.

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Pelfrêne, A., Waterlot, C., Guerin, A. et al. Use of an in vitro digestion method to estimate human bioaccessibility of Cd in vegetables grown in smelter-impacted soils: the influence of cooking. Environ Geochem Health 37, 767–778 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9684-1

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