Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Stabilization of lead and copper contaminated firing range soil using calcined oyster shells and fly ash

  • Original paper
  • Published:
Environmental Geochemistry and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A stabilization/solidification treatment scheme was devised to stabilize Pb and Cu contaminated soil from a firing range using renewable waste resources as additives, namely waste oyster shells (WOS) and fly ash (FA). The WOS, serving as the primary stabilizing agent, was pre-treated at a high temperature to activate quicklime from calcite. Class C FA was used as a secondary additive along with the calcined oyster shells (COS). The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by means of the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the 0.1 M HCl extraction tests following a curing period of 28 days. The combined treatment with 10 wt% COS and 5 wt% FA cause a significant reduction in Pb (>98 %) and Cu (>96 %) leachability which was indicated by the results from both extraction tests (TCLP and 0.1 M HCl). Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) analyses are used to investigate the mechanism responsible for Pb and Cu stabilization. SEM–EDX results indicate that effective Pb and Cu immobilization using the combined COS–FA treatment is most probably associated with ettringite and pozzolanic reaction products. The treatment results suggest that the combined COS–FA treatment is a cost effective method for the stabilization of firing range soil.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from $39.99 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  • American Coal Ash Association. (1999). Fly Ash Facts for Highway Engineers. FHWA-SA-94-081, ACAA.

  • American Coal Ash Association. (2008). http://www.jigsaw.com/redirect/track.jsp?url=http://www.acaa-usa.org.

  • Ball, D. F. (1964). Loss-on-ignition as an estimate of organic matter and organic carbon in non-calcareous soil. Journal of Soil Science, 15, 84–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao, X., Ma, L. Q., Chen, M., Hardison, D. W., & Harris, W. G. (2003). Weathering of lead bullets and their environmental effects at outdoor shooting ranges. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32, 526–534.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrastný, V., Komárek, M., & Hájek, T. (2010). Lead contamination of an agricultural soil in the vicinity of a shooting range. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 162, 37–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, J. R., Rimstidt, J. D., Bonnaffon, C. A., Collins, T. K., & Scanlon, P. F. (1999). Surface water transport of lead at a shooting range. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63, 312–319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dermatas, D., Cao, X., Tsaneva, V., Shen, G., & Grubb, D. G. (2006). Fate and behavior of metal(loid) contaminants in an organic matter-rich shooting range soil: Implications for remediation. Water, Air, and Soil pollution, 6, 143–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dermatas, D., & Meng, X. (2003). Utilization of fly ash for stabilization/solidification of heavy metal contaminated soils. Engineering Geology, 70, 377–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FitzPatrick, E. A. (1983). Soils: Their formation, classification and distribution (p. 353). London: Longman Science & Technical.

  • Gougar, M. L. D., Scheetz, B. E., & Roy, D. M. (1996). Ettringite and C-S-H Portland cement phases for waste ion immobilization: A review. Waste Management, 4, 295–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICDD. (2002). Powder diffraction file, PDF-2 database release. Pennsylvania, USA: International Centre for Diffraction Data.

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel, A. U., Eduok, U. M., Inam, E., & Kim, K. W. (2012). The role of pH in metal ion removal using coir dust and its modified extract resins. Geosystem Engineering, 15(4), 269–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W. D. (1964). Processes of origin and alteration of clay minerals. In C. I. Rich & G. W. Kunze (Eds.), Soil clay mineralogy (pp. 3–76). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, M. G. (1999). Effects of heavy metals on the aquatic biota (Chap. 18). In G. S. Plumlee & M. J. Logsdon (Eds.), The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits. Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues. Reviews in Economic Geology (vol. 6A, pp. 363–371). Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.

  • Knechtenhofer, L. A., Xifra, I. O., Scheinost, A. C., Flührer, H., & Kretzschmar, R. (2003). Fate of heavy metals in a strongly acidic shooting range soil: Smallscale metal distribution and its relation to preferential water flow. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 166, 84–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kos, B., & Lesˇtan, D. (2004). Chelator induced phytoextraction and in situ soil washing of Cu. Environmental Pollution, 132, 333–339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. Y., Hong, C. O., Lee, C. H., Lee, D. K., & Kim, P. J. (2005). Dynamics of heavy metals in soil amended with oyster shell meal. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture, 24, 358–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Z. (1996). Secondary mineral phases of metallic lead in soils of shooting ranges from Örebro County, Sweden. Environmental Geology, 27, 370–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, S. L., Cross, W. H., Chian, E. S. K., Lai, J. S., Giabbai, M., & Hung, C. H. (1996). Stabilization and solidification of lead in contaminated soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 48, 95–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long, R. P., & Zhang, X. (1998). Treating lead-contaminated soil by stabilization and solidification. Transportation Research Record, 1615, 72–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MDI. (2005). Jade, version 7.1.. California, USA: Material’s Data Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra, A., Biswas, D., & Upadhyaya, S. (2005). Physico-mechanical behavior of self-cementing class C fly ash-clay mixtures. Fuel, 84, 1410–1422.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOE. (2002). The Korean standard test (KST) methods for soils (in Korean). Gwachun, Kyunggi: Korean Ministry of Environment.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOE. (2005). The development of hybrid electrokinetic remediation technique using solar energy on shooting range soils contaminated by heavy metals (pp. 40–63). Gwachun, Kyunggi: MOE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon, D. H., Cheong, K. H., Khim, J., Grubb, D. G., & Ko, I. (2011). Stabilization of Cu-contaminated army firing range soils using waste oyster shells. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 33(S1), 159–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, D. H., & Dermatas, D. (2006). An evaluation of lead leachability from stabilized/solidified soils under modified semi-dynamic leaching conditions. Engineering Geology, 85, 67–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, D. H., & Dermatas, D. (2007). Arsenic and lead release from fly ash stabilized/solidified soils under modified semi-dynamic leaching conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 141(2), 388–394.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, D. H., Grubb, D. G., & Reilly, T. L. (2009a). Stabilization/solidification of selenium-impacted soils using Portland cement and cement kiln dust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 944–951.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, D. H., Lee, J.-R., Grubb, D. G., & Park, J.-H. (2010). An assessment of Portland cement, cement kiln dust and Class C fly ash for the immobilization of Zn in contaminated soils. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61, 1745–1750.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, D. H., Wazne, M., Yoon, I.-H., & Grubb, D. G. (2008). Assessment of cement kiln dust (CKD) for stabilization/solidification (S/S) of arsenic contaminated soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159, 512–518.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, D. H., Yang, J. E., Ok, Y. S., Lee, J. -S., & Kwon, H. -H. (2009b). Trends in mine reclamation technology using coal combustion by-products (CCBs). Journal of Mine Reclamation Technology, 3(2), 204–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, C. F., Rodríguez-Piñero, M., & Vale, J. (2001). Solidification/stabilization of electric arc furnace dust using coal fly ash analysis of the stabilization process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B82, 183–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prathumratana, L., Kim, K. W., & Kim, J. (2010). Lead contamination of a historical mining and smelting site in Europe: fractionation and human bioavailability. Geosystem Engineering, 13(1), 21–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, B. H., Bischofberger, S., Stoll, A., Schroer, D., Furrer, G., Roulier, S., et al. (2008). Plant uptake of trace element on a Swiss military shooting range: Uptake pathways and land management implications. Environmental Pollution, 153, 668–676.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorvari, J., Antikainen, R., & Pyy, O. (2006). Environmental contamination at Finnish shooting ranges-the scope of the problem and management options. Science of Total Environment, 366, 21–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stansley, W., & Roscoe, D. E. (1996). The uptake and effects of lead in small mammals and frogs at a trap and skeet range. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 30, 220–226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ure, A. M. (1995). In B. J. Alloway (Ed.), Methods of analysis for heavy metals in soils. Glasgow, Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall.

  • US Environmental Protection Agency. (1992). Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical methods (3rd ed.). SW-846, Method 1311. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.

  • USEPA. (1988). Federal Register, 53(159).

  • USEPA. (2003). TRW recommendations for performing human health risk analysis on small arm shooting ranges. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/lead/products/firing.pdf.

  • USEPA. (2005). Best management practices for lead at outdoor shooting ranges. EPA-902-B-01-001.

  • Vantelon, D., Lanzirotti, A., Scheinost, A. C., & Kretzscmar, R. (2005). Spatial distribution and speciation of lead around corroding bullets in a shooting range soil studied by micro-X-ray fluorescence and adsorption spectroscopy. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 4808–4815.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. A., & Welbourn, P. (2002). Environmental toxicology (pp. 301–302). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, C.-Y., Mahmud, H. B., & Shaaban, M. G. (2006). Stabilization/solidification of lead-contaminated soil using cement and rice husk ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B137, 1758–1764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research is financially supported by Republic of Korea Ministry of Environment as “Green Remediation Research Center for Organic–Inorganic Combined Contamination (The GAIA Project-2012000550001)”.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea

    Deok Hyun Moon & Kyung Hoon Cheong

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea

    Jae-Woo Park

  3. Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea

    Seunghun Hyun

  4. Mechanical, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA

    Agamemnon Koutsospyros

  5. Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea

    Jeong-Hun Park

  6. Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea

    Yong Sik Ok

Authors
  1. Deok Hyun Moon
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jae-Woo Park
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kyung Hoon Cheong
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Seunghun Hyun
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Agamemnon Koutsospyros
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jeong-Hun Park
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yong Sik Ok
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Deok Hyun Moon.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Moon, D.H., Park, JW., Cheong, K.H. et al. Stabilization of lead and copper contaminated firing range soil using calcined oyster shells and fly ash. Environ Geochem Health 35, 705–714 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-013-9528-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-013-9528-9

Keywords

Profiles

  1. Jae-Woo Park View author profile
  2. Seunghun Hyun View author profile