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The Impact of the Hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. Part II: A Total Diet Study

Environmental Geochemistry and Health volume 27, pages 475–483 (2005)Cite this article

Abstract

In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia), surface water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. In a previous study, we reported that food crops irrigated with this water had increased concentrations of various elements. Here, we present a total diet study for adults and 6-year-old children to determine if the mean daily intake of a broad range of elements is safe and adequate. For children, the intake of B, Mg, Mn and V is high with Hazard Quotients (HQ) of 1.1 (B), 1.4 (Mn) and 1.4 (V), respectively (no TDI is available for Mg). For Mn, the daily intake is high due to the consumption of locally produced rice. Drinking water is the main source of B, Mg and V. For adults, the intake of Mg, Mn and V is also high but HQ values are ≤0.7. For both children and adults, the intake of Ca, Zn and particularly Fe is below the RNI (Fe intake is 90% below the RNI for women). It is concluded the mean intake of elements is unbalanced and Fe deficiency is probably the most serious health problem. Toxic effects cannot be fully excluded since deficiency of essential elements such as Ca, Fe and Zn can increase the absorption and retention of various elements.

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Affiliations

  1. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, PO Box 80176, 3508, Utrecht, TD, The Netherlands

    Alex Heikens & Willem Seinen

  2. Soegijapranata Catholic University (UNIKA), Jl.Pawiyatan Luhur IV/I, 50234, Bendang Duwur, Semarang, Indonesia

    Budi Widianarko & Inge C. Dewi

  3. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721, Bilthoven, MA, The Netherlands

    Jan L. M. de Boer

  4. European Commission, Joint Research Institute, Via E. Fermi 1, I-21020, Ispra (VA), Italy

    Kees van Leeuwen

Authors
  1. Alex Heikens
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  2. Budi Widianarko
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  3. Inge C. Dewi
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  4. Jan L. M. de Boer
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  5. Willem Seinen
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  6. Kees van Leeuwen
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Correspondence to Willem Seinen.

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Heikens, A., Widianarko, B., Dewi, I.C. et al. The Impact of the Hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. Part II: A Total Diet Study. Environ Geochem Health 27, 475–483 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-005-5229-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-005-5229-3

Key words

  • daily intake
  • deficiency
  • metals
  • toxicity
  • volcanogenic pollution