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Lethal and sublethal effects in Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) following exposure to five aquaculture chemotherapeutants

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Abstract

Early life stages of Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are at risk of exposure to the active ingredients of chemotherapeutant formulations (hydrogen peroxide [HP], azamethiphos [AZ], emamectin benzoate [EB], cypermethrin [CP] and deltamethrin [DM]) used to control sea lice in salmon aquaculture. LC50 values (95% confidence intervals) for acute 48-h water exposures in order of least to most toxic to seawater-adapted pink salmon fry were: HP (227 [138–418] mg/L), EB (1090 [676–2006] µg/L), AZ (80 [52–161] µg/L), CP (5.1 [3.0–10.5] µg/L), and DM (980 [640–1800] ng/L), and in subchronic 10-d lethality sediment exposure tests: EB (2065 [1384–3720] µg/kg), CP (97 [58–190] µg/kg), and DM (1035 [640–2000] ng/kg). Alterations in behaviour varied between chemicals; no chemical attracted pink salmon fry; fish avoided HP to a limited extent at 50 mg/L), as well as EB (300 µg/L), and AZ (50 µg/L). Significant concentration-dependent decreases in olfactory responsiveness to food extract were seen following AZ, CP and DM exposures that occurred at lower concentrations with longer exposure periods (10 µg/L, 0.5 µg/L and 100 ng/L thresholds at 7 d). Following 10-d sediment exposures, olfaction was only affected by CP exposure at 50 µg/kg. Significant decreases in swimming performance (Ucrit) occured for HP, AZ, CP and DM at concentrations as low as 100 mg/L, 10 µg/L, 2 µg/L and 200 ng/L, respectively. This study provides comprehensive data on the lethal and sublethal effects of aquaculture chemotherapeutant exposure in early life stage pink salmon.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Bruce Leighton (Simon Fraser University) for experimental support with animal husbandry and the staff at the Tenderfoot Creek hatchery.

Author contributions:

C.S., K.H. and B.S. conducted research; C.S., K.H. and B.S. review and editing; C.J.K. provided funding acquisition, project design and administration, and resources; C.J.K. wrote the paper.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Contaminants Advisory Group at Fisheries and Oceans Canada to CJK.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

    Charanveer Sahota, Kassia Hayek, Brady Surbey & Christopher J. Kennedy

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  1. Charanveer Sahota
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  2. Kassia Hayek
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  3. Brady Surbey
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Correspondence to Christopher J. Kennedy.

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Sahota, C., Hayek, K., Surbey, B. et al. Lethal and sublethal effects in Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) following exposure to five aquaculture chemotherapeutants. Ecotoxicology 31, 33–52 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02473-8

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