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A novel bioassay for evaluating insecticide sensitivity: a case study of Calocoris trivialis Costa (Hemiptera: Miridae) in olives

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Abstract

A recent increase in the Calocoris trivialis populations associated with premature olive blossom dropping in Crete coupled with ineffective control by organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides resulted in resistance development speculation. A stem-dip assay was developed to evaluate C. trivialis susceptibility to dimethoate and beta-cyfluthrin against nymphal and adult insect stages. Susceptibility of C. trivialis populations collected from two Cretan orchards with no (AGRK) and extensive spray history (SPL) to both insecticides was evaluated and compared. Dimethoate LC50 values of the AGRK population were 17.47 and 33.37 mg L−1 for adults and nymphs and 45.85 and 20.08 mg L−1 for SPL respectively. C. trivialis was significantly more susceptible to beta-cyfluthrin as indicated by LC50 values for AGRK, SPL adults (0.53, 0.73 mg L−1) and nypmphs (1.44, 2.21 mg L−1). No evidence for resistance development was found in any of the insecticide cases. Adult insects were significantly more sensitive than nymphs in both insecticide/population combinations. Ratios of nymph: adult LC50values were 1.91, 2.71 for dimethoate and beta-cyfluthrin in AGRK and 2.28, 3.02 in SPL population. Susceptibility data and evidence of differential stage-dependent response of C. trivialis to both insecticides should be taken account for the establishment of effective control strategies.

Highlights

  • A novel bioassay has been developed for evaluating insecticide resistance simulating field conditions.

  • No evidence of resistance to beta-cyfluthrin and dimethoate affecting control efficacy in the field was found.

  • Adults of Calocoris trivialis are more susceptible to both insecticides than nymphs.

  • Except for early, heavy nymphal infections of olive canopy, pest control should be focused on adults late in spring.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the olive growers of Spilia region for providing spray history and for the concession of their orchards in order to collect the insects and test them in the bioassays.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author contribution

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Kiki Varikou, Nikos Garantonakis and Anastasios Malandrakis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Kiki Varikou and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, ELGO-DΙΜΙΤΡΑ (Institute for Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture), Leoforos Karamanli 167, 73100, Chania, Crete, Greece

    Kiki Varikou & Nikos Garantonakis

  2. Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55, Athens, Greece

    Anastasios Malandrakis

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  1. Kiki Varikou
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  2. Nikos Garantonakis
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  3. Anastasios Malandrakis
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Correspondence to Kiki Varikou.

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Varikou, K., Garantonakis, N. & Malandrakis, A. A novel bioassay for evaluating insecticide sensitivity: a case study of Calocoris trivialis Costa (Hemiptera: Miridae) in olives. Ecotoxicology 30, 441–447 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02357-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02357-x

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