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Effects of abamectin-based and difenoconazole-based formulations and their mixtures in Daphnia magna: a multiple endpoint approach

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Abstract

This study evaluated the toxicity of pesticide formulations Kraft® 36 EC (active ingredient—a.i. abamectin) and Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole), and their mixtures in Daphnia magna at different biological levels of organization. Survival, reproduction and biochemical markers (cholinesterase (ChE), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)) were some of the endpoints evaluated. Total proteins and lipids were also studied together with energy consumption (Ec). D. magna neonates were exposed for 96 h to Kraft (2, 4, and 6 ng a.i./L) and Score (12.5, 25, and 50 µg a.i./L) for the biochemical experiments, and for 15 days to abamectin (1–5 ng a.i./L) and to difenoconazole (3.12–50 µg a.i./L) to assess possible changes in reproduction. Exposures of organisms to both single compounds did not cause effects to antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, except for LPO occurring at the highest concentration of difenoconazole tested. For ChE and CAT there was enzymatic induction in mixture treatments organisms, occurring at minor pesticides concentrations for CAT and at the two highest concentrations for ChE. There were no significant differences for total protein in D. magna but lipids showed an increase at the highest concentrations of pesticide mixture combinations. There was a significant increase of Ec in individuals of all treatments tested. In the chronic test, increased fecundity occurred for D. magna under difenoconazole exposures and mixtures. This study demonstrated that mixtures of these pesticides caused greater toxicity to D. magna than when tested individually, except for Ec. Therefore, effects of mixtures are very hard to predict only based on information from single compounds, which most possibly is the result of biological complexity and redundancy in response pathways, which need further experimentation to become better known.

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Acknowledgements

We thank CAPES (Process number: PDSE 88881.135987/2016-01). The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Process number: CNPq 201788/2014-4). This work also was supported by the Brazilian government through the Special Visiting Researcher program (MEC/MCTI/CAPES/CNPq/FAPs reference 402392/2013-2). Financial support was also provided to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2013) and CENSE (UID/AMB/04085/ 2013), by FCT/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-00763), within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020), through a postdoc grant for Michiel Adriaan Daam (SFRH/BPD/109199/2015). RAM has a pos doctoral fellowship from FAPESP (grant no. 2017/24126-4).

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  1. NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13.560-970, Brazil

    Raquel Aparecida Moreira

  2. Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Giuliana Seraphim de Araujo, Ana Rita Rego Gouveia Silva, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares & Susana Loureiro

  3. CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal

    Michiel Adriaan Daam

  4. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil

    Odete Rocha

Authors
  1. Raquel Aparecida Moreira
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  2. Giuliana Seraphim de Araujo
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  3. Ana Rita Rego Gouveia Silva
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  4. Michiel Adriaan Daam
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  5. Odete Rocha
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  6. Amadeu M. V. M. Soares
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  7. Susana Loureiro
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Correspondence to Raquel Aparecida Moreira.

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Moreira, R.A., de Araujo, G.S., Silva, A.R.R.G. et al. Effects of abamectin-based and difenoconazole-based formulations and their mixtures in Daphnia magna: a multiple endpoint approach. Ecotoxicology 29, 1486–1499 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02218-z

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