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Risk assessment of chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and erythromycin in aquatic environment: are the current environmental concentrations safe?

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Abstract

To understand potential risks of major pharmaceutical residues in waters, we evaluated ecotoxicities of five major veterinary pharmaceuticals, i.e., chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and erythromycin, which have been frequently detected in freshwater environment worldwide. We conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests using two freshwater invertebrates (Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa) and a fish (Oryzias latipes). In general, D. magna exhibited greater sensitivity than M. macrocopa, and chronic reproduction was the most sensitive endpoints for both organisms. The population growth rate was adversely influenced by exposure to chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, or sulfathiazole in water fleas, but reduction in population size was not expected. In O. latipes, the tested pharmaceuticals affected several reproduction related endpoints including time to hatch and growth. Based on the toxicity values from the present study and literature, algae appeared to be the most sensitive organism, followed by Daphnia and fish. Hazard quotients derived from measured environmental concentrations (MECs) and predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for erythromycin and oxytetracycline exceeded unity, suggesting that potential ecological effects at highly contaminated sites cannot be ruled out. Long-term consequences of veterinary pharmaceutical contamination in the environment deserve further investigation.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea in 2009.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak, Seoul, 151-742, Korea

    Kyunghee Ji, Sunmi Kim, Sunyoung Han, Jihyun Seo, Sangwoo Lee, Yoonsuk Park & Kyungho Choi

  2. National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 404-708, Korea

    Kyunghee Choi

  3. School of Human & Environmental Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam, 461-713, Korea

    Young-Lim Kho

  4. College of Natural Sciences, Yongin University, Yongin, 449-714, Korea

    Pan-Gyi Kim

  5. College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 336-745, Korea

    Jeongim Park

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  1. Kyunghee Ji
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Ji, K., Kim, S., Han, S. et al. Risk assessment of chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and erythromycin in aquatic environment: are the current environmental concentrations safe?. Ecotoxicology 21, 2031–2050 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-012-0956-6

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