Skip to main content

Olive oil mill wastewaters before and after treatment: a critical review from the ecotoxicological point of view

Ecotoxicology volume 21, pages 615–629 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

The olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) is a problematic and polluting effluent which may degrade the soil and water quality, with critical negative impacts on ecosystems functions and services provided. The main purpose of this review paper is presenting the state of the art of OMW treatments focusing on their efficiency to reduce OMW toxicity, and emphasizing the role of ecotoxicological tests on the evaluation of such efficiency before the up-scale of treatment methodologies being considered. In the majority of research works, the reduction of OMW toxicity is related to the degradation of phenolic compounds (considered as the main responsible for the toxic effects of OMW on seed germination, on bacteria, and on different species of soil and aquatic invertebrates) or the decrease of chemical oxygen demand content, which is not scientifically sound. Batteries of ecotoxicological tests are not applied before and after OMW treatments as they should be, thus leading to knowledge gaps in terms of accurate and real assessment of OMW toxicity. Although the toxicity of OMW is usually high, the evaluation of effects on sub-lethal endpoints, on individual and multispecies test systems, are currently lacking, and the real impacts yielded by its dilution, in freshwater trophic chains of receiving systems can not be assessed. As far as the terrestrial compartment is considered, ecotoxicological data available include tests only with plants and the evaluation of soil microbial parameters, reflecting concerns with the impacts on crops when using OMW for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of its ecotoxicity to other edaphic species were not performed giving rise to a completely lack of knowledge about the consequences of such practice on other soil functions. OMW production is a great environmental problem in Mediterranean countries; hence, engineers, chemists and ecotoxicologists should face this problem together to find an ecologically friend solution.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1

References

  • Adhoum N, Monser L (2004) Decolourization and removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation. Chem Eng Process 43:1281–1287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Afify AS, Mahmoud MA, Emara HA, Abdelkreem KI (2009) Phenolic compounds and COD removal from olive mill wastewater by chemical and biological procedures. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 3:1087–1095

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aggelis G, Iconomou D, Christou M, Bokas D, Kotzailias S, Christou G, Tsagou V, Papanikolaou S (2003) Phenolic removal in a model olive oil mill wastewater using Pleurotus ostreatus in bioreactor cultures and biological evaluation of the process. Water Res 37:3897–3904

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aissam H, Penninckx MJ, Benlemlih M (2007) Reduction of phenolics content and COD in olive oil mill wastewaters by indigenous yeasts and fungi. World J Microb Biot 23:1203–1208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alburquerque JA, Gonzálvez J, García D, Cegarra J (2004) Agrochemical characterisation of “alperujo”, a solid by-product of the two-phase centrifugation method for olive oil extraction. Bioresour Technol 91:195–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allouche N, Fki I, Sayadi S (2004) Toward a high yield recovery of antioxidants and purified hydroxytyrosol from olive mill wastewaters. J Agric Food Chem 52:267–273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreozzi R, Canterino M, Di Somma I, Lo Giudice R, Marotta R, Pinto G, Pollio A (2008) Effect of combined physico-chemical processes on the phytotoxicity of olive mill wastewaters. Water Res 42:1684–1692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aptula AO, Netzeva TI, Valkova IV, Cronin MTD, Schultz TW, Kühne R, Schüürmann G (2002) Multivariate discrimination between modes of toxic action of phenols. Quant Struct Act Relat 21:12–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assas N, Ayed L, Marouani L, Hamdi M (2002) Decolorization of fresh and stored-black olive mill wastewaters by Geotrichum candidum. Process Biochem 38:361–365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asses N, Ayed L, Bouallagui H, Sayadi S, Hamdi M (2009) Biodegradation of different molecular-mass polyphenols derived from olive mill wastewaters by Geotrichum candidum. Int Biodeter Biodegr 63:407–413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aybeke M, Sidal U, Hüseyin G (2008) Structural changes in roots tips of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to olive oil mill wastewater. Pak J Biol Sci 11:1957–1960

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azabou S, Najjar W, Bouaziz M, Ghorbel A, Sayadi S (2010) A compact process for the treatment of olive mill wastewater by combining wet hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation and biological techniques. J Hazard Mater 183:62–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belaid C, Kallel M, Khadhraou M, Lalleve G, Elleuch B, Fauvarque J-F (2006) Electrochemical treatment of olive mill wastewaters: removal of phenolic compounds and decolouration. J Appl Electrochem 36:1175–1182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Sassi A, Boularbah A, Jaouad A, Walker G, Boussaid A (2006) A comparison of olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW) from three different processes in Morocco. Process Biochem 41:74–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bendini A, Cerretani L, Carrasco-Pancorbo A, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Lercker G (2007) Phenolic molecules in virgin olive oils: a survey of their sensory properties, health effects, antioxidant activity and analytical methods. An overview of the last decade. Molecules 12:1679–1719

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blánquez P, Caminal G, Sarrà M, Vicent MT, Gabarrell X (2002) Olive oil mill waste waters decoloration and detoxification in a bioreactor by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete flavido-alba. Biotechnol Prog 18:660–662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blika PS, Stamatelatou K, Kornaros M, Lyberatos G (2009) Anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater. Glob NEST J 11:364–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Borja R, Alba J, Mancha A, Martín A, Alonso V, Sánchez E (1998) Comparative effect of different aerobic pretreatments on the kinetics and macroenergetic parameters of anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater in continuous mode. Bioprocess Eng 18:127–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouaziz M, Grayer RJ, Simmonds MSJ, Damak M, Sayadi S (2005) Identification and antioxidant potential of flavonoids and low molecular weight phenols in olive cultivar chemlali growing in Tunisia. J Agric Food Chem 53:236–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cañizares P, Lobato J, Paz R, Rodrigo MA, Sáez C (2007) Advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of olive-oil mills wastewater. Chemosphere 67:832–838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casa R, D’Annibale A, Pieruccetti F, Stazi SR, Sermanni GG, Lo Cascio B (2003) Reduction of the phenolic components in olive-mill wastewater by an enzymatic treatment and its impact on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) germinability. Chemosphere 50:959–966

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celano G, Šmejkalová D, Spaccini R, Piccolo A (2008) Reduced toxicity of olive mill waste waters by oxidative coupling with biomimetic catalysis. Environ Sci Technol 42:4896–4901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatzisymeon E, Xekoukoulotakis NP, Diamadopoulos E, Katsaounis A, Mantzavinos D (2009a) Boron-doped diamond anodic treatment of olive mill wastewaters: statistical analysis, kinetic modeling and biodegradability. Water Res 43:3999–4009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatzisymeon E, Dimou A, Mantzavinos D, Katsaounis A (2009b) Electrochemical oxidation of model compounds and olive mill wastewater over DSA electrodes: 1. The case of Ti/IrO2 anode. J Hazard Mater 167:268–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chedeville O, Debacq M, Porte C (2009) Removal of phenolic compounds present in olive mill wastewaters by ozonation. Desalination 249:865–869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Yao J, Wang F, Zhou Y, Chen K, Zhuang R, Choi MMF, Zaray G (2010) Toxicity of three phenolic compounds and their mixtures on the Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtillis in the aquatic environment. Sci Total Environ 408:1043–1049

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colarieti ML, Toscano G, Greco G Jr (2006) Toxicity attenuation of olive mill wastewater in soil slurries. Environ Chem Lett 4:115–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crognale S, D’Annibale A, Federici F, Fenice M, Quaratino D, Petruccioli M (2006) Olive oil mill wastewater valorisation by fungi. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81:1547–1555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Annibale A, Casa R, Pieruccetti F, Ricci M, Marabottini R (2004) Lentinula edodes removes phenols from olive-mill wastewater: impact on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) germinability. Chemosphere 54:887–894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danellakis D, Ntaikou I, Kornaros M, Dailianis S (2011) Olive oil mill wastewater toxicity in the marine environment: alterations of stress indices in tissues of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat Toxicol 101:358–366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhouib A, Aloui F, Hamad N, Sayadi S (2006) Pilot-plant treatment of olive mill wastewaters by Phanerochaete chrysosporium coupled to anaerobic digestion and ultrafiltration. Process Biochem 41:159–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Hadrami A, Belaqziz M, El Hassni M, Hanifi S, Abbad A, Capasso R, Gianfreda L, El Hadrami I (2004) Physico-chemical characterization and effects of olive oil mill wastewaters fertirrigation on the growth of some Mediterranean crops. Agron J 3:247–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Hajjouji H, Pinelli E, Guiresse M, Merlina G, Revel J-C, Hafidi M (2007) Assessment of the genotoxicity of olive mill waste water (OMWW) with the Vicia faba micronucleus test. Mutat Res 634:25–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Shafey EI, Correia PFM, Carvalho JMR (2005) An integrated process of olive mill wastewater treatment. Sep Sci Technol 40:2841–2869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fadil K, Chahlaoui A, Ouahbi A, Zaid A, Borja R (2003) Aerobic biodegradation and detoxification of wastewaters from the olive oil industry. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 51:37–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira F, Carvalho L, Pereira R, Antunes SC, Marques SM, Gonçalves F, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos TAP, Freitas AC (2008) Biological and photo-Fenton treatment of olive oil mill wastewater. Glob NEST J 10:419–425

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiorentino A, Gentili A, Isidori M, Monaco P, Nardelli A, Parrella A, Temussi F (2003) Environmental effects caused by olive mill wastewaters: toxicity comparison of low-molecular-weight phenol components. J Agric Food Chem 51:1005–1009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiorentino A, Gentili A, Isidori M, Lavorgna M, Parrella A, Temussi F (2004) Olive oil mill wastewater treatment using a chemical and biological approach. J Agric Food Chem 52:5151–5154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis MS, Dokianakis SN, Kornaros ME, Aggelis GG, Lyberatos G (2002) Removal of phenolics in olive mill wastewaters using the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Water Res 36:4735–4744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giannis A, Kalaitzakis M, Diamadopoulos E (2007) Electrochemical treatment of olive mill wastewater. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82:663–671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginos A, Manios T, Mantzavinos D (2006) Treatment of olive mill effluents by coagulation–flocculation–hydrogen peroxide oxidation and effect on phytotoxicity. J Hazard Mater B 133:135–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotsi M, Kalogerakis N, Psillakis E, Samaras P, Mantzavinos D (2005) Electrochemical oxidation of olive oil mill wastewaters. Water Res 39:4177–4187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greco G, Colarieti ML, Toscano G, Iamarino G, Rao MA, Gianfreda L (2006) Mitigation of olive mill wastewater toxicity. J Agric Food Chem 54:6776–6782

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inan H, Dimoglo A, Şimşek H, Karpuzcu M (2004) Olive oil mill wastewater treatment by means of electro-coagulation. Sep Purif Technol 36:23–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Olive Oil Council (2010) World and EU olive oil figures. http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/estaticos/view/131-world-olive-oil-figures. Accessed 28 March 2011

  • Isidori M, Lavorgna M, Nardelli A, Parrella A (2004) Chemical and toxic evaluation of a biological treatment for olive-oil mill wastewater using commercial microbial formulations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64:735–739

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isidori M, Lavorgna M, Nardelli M, Parrella A (2005) Model study on the effect of 15 phenolic olive mill wastewater constituents on seed germination and Vibrio fischeri metabolism. J Agric Food Chem 53:8414–8417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Justino CI, Duarte K, Loureiro F, Pereira R, Antunes SC, Marques SM, Gonçalves F, Rocha-Santos TAP, Freitas AC (2009) Toxicity and organic content characterization of olive oil mill wastewater undergoing a sequential treatment with fungi and photo-Fenton oxidation. J Hazard Mat 172:1560–1572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Justino C, Marques AG, Duarte KR, Duarte AC, Pereira R, Rocha-Snatos T, Freitas AC (2010) Degradation of phenols in olive oil mill wastewater by biological, enzymatic, and photo-Fenton oxidation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 17:650–656

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kallel M, Belaid C, Mechichi T, Ksibi M, Elleuch B (2009) Removal of organic load and phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater by Fenton oxidation with zero-valent iron. Chem Eng J 150:391–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karageorgos P, Coz A, Charalabaki M, Kalogerakis N, Xekoukoulotakis NP, Mantzavinos D (2006) Ozonation of weathered olive mill wastewaters. Chem Technol Biotechnol 81:1570–1576

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karaouzas I, Cotou E, Albanis TA, Kamarianos A, Skoulikidis NT, Giannakou U (2010) Bioassays and biochemical biomarkers for assessing olive mill and citrus processing wastewater toxicity. Environ Toxicol 26: n/a. doi: 10.1002/tox.20606

  • Karpouzas DG, Ntougias S, Iskidou E, Rousidou C, Papadopoulou KK, Zervakis G, Ehaliotis C (2010) Olive mill wastewater affects the structure of soil bacterial communities. Appl Soil Ecol 45:101–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavvadias V, Doula MK, Komnitsas K, Liakopoulou N (2010) Disposal of olive oil mill wastes in evaporation ponds: effects on soil properties. J Hazard Mater 182:144–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kestioğlu K, Yonar T, Azbar N (2005) Feasibility of physico-chemical treatment and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) as a means of pretreatment of olive mill effluent (OME). Process Biochem 40:2409–2416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khoufi S, Feki F, Sayadi S (2007) Detoxification of olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation and sedimentation processes. J Hazard Mater 142:58–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kissi M, Mountadar M, Assobhei O, Gargiulo E, Palmieri G, Giardina P, Sannia G (2001) Roles of two white-rot basidiomycete fungi in decolorisation and detoxification of olive mill waste water. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57:221–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotsou M, Mari J, Lasaridi K, Chatzipavlidis J, Balis C, Kyriacou A (2004) The effect of live oil mill wastewater (OMW) on soil microbial communities and suppressiveness against Rhizoctonia solani. Appl Soil Ecol 26:113–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee H, Shoda M (2008) Removal of COD and color from livestock wastewater by the Fenton method. J Hazard Mater 153:1314–1319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesage-Meessen L, Navarro D, Maunier S, Sigoillot J-C, Lorquin J, Delattre D, Simon J-L, Asther M, Labat M (2001) Simple phenolic content in olive oil residues as a function of extraction systems. Food Chem 75:501–507

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mantzavinos D, Kalogerakis N (2005) Treatment of olive mill effluents. Part I. Organic matter degradation by chemical and biological processes—an overview. Environ Int 31:289–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Garcia G, Johnson AC, Bachmann RT, Williams CJ, Burgoyne A, Edyvean RGJ (2007) Two-stage biological treatment of olive mill wastewater with whey as co-substrate. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 59:273–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martirani L, Giardina P, Marzullo L, Sannia G (1996) Reduction of phenol content and toxicity in olive oil mill waste waters with the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Water Res 30:1914–1918

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara CJ, Anastasiou CC, O’Flaherty V, Mitchell R (2008) Bioremediation of olive mill wastewater. Int Biodeter Biodegr 61:127–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mekki A, Dhouib A, Sayadi S (2006) Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment with treated and untreated olive mill wastewater. Microbiol Res 161:93–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mekki A, Dhouib A, Feki F, Sayadi S (2008) Assessment of toxicity of the untreated and treated olive mill wastewaters and soil irrigated by using microbiotests. Ecotox Environ Saf 69:488–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mert BK, Yonar T, Kiliç MY, Kestioğlu K (2010) Pre-treatment studies on olive oil mill effluent using physicochemical, Fenton and Fenton-like oxidations processes. J Hazard Mater 174:122–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obied HK, Allen MS, Bedgood DR, Prenzler PD, Robards K, Stockmann R (2005) Bioactivity and analysis of biophenols recovered from olive mill waste. J Agric Food Chem 53:823–837

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paixão SM, Mendonça E, Picado A, Anselmo AM (1999) Acute toxicity evaluation of olive oil mill wastewaters: a comparative study of three aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol 14:263–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panizza M, Cerisola G (2006) Olive mill wastewater treatment by anodic oxidation with parallel plate electrodes. Water Res 40:1179–1184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peixoto F, Martins F, Amaral C, Gomes-Laranjo J, Almeida J, Palmeira CM (2008) Evaluation of olive oil mill wastewater toxicity on the mitochondrial bioenergetics after treatment with Candida oleophila. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 70:266–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piotrowska A, Iamarino G, Rao MA, Gianfreda L (2006) Short-term effects of olive mill waste water (OMW) on chemical and biochemical properties of a semiarid Mediterranean soil. Soil Biol Biochem 38:600–610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piotrowska A, Rao MA, Scotti R, Gianfreda L (2011) Changes in soil chemical and biochemical properties following amendment with crude and dephenolized olive mill wastewater (OMW). Geoderma 161:8–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren S, Frymier PD (2002) Modeling the toxicity of polar and nonpolar narcotic compounds to luminescent bacterium SHK1. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:2649–2653

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodis PS, Karathanos VT, Mantzavinou A (2002) Partitioning of olive oil antioxidants between oil and water phases. J Agric Food Chem 50:596–601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roig A, Cayuela ML, Sánchez-Monedero MA (2006) An overview on olive mill wastes and their valorisation methods. Waste Manag 26:960–969

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saadi I, Laor Y, Raviv M, Medina S (2007) Land spreading of olive mill wastewater: effects on soil microbial activity and potential phytotoxicity. Chemosphere 66:75–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sayadi S, Allouche N, Jaoua M, Aloui F (2000) Detrimental effects of high molecular-mass polyphenols on olive mill wastewater biotreatment. Process Biochem 35:725–735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stasinakis AS (2008) Use of selected advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for wastewater treatment—a mini review. Glob NEST J 10:376–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsagaraki E, Larazides HN, Petrotos KB (2007) Olive mill wastewater treatment. In: Oreopoulou V, Russ W (eds) Utilization of by-products and treatment of waste in the food industry. Springer, New York, pp 133–157

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tsioulpas A, Dimou D, Iconomou D, Aggelis G (2002) Phenolic removal in olive oil mill wastewater by strains of Pleurotus spp. in respect to their phenol oxidase (laccase) activity. Bioresour Technol 84:251–257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuck KL, Hayball PJ (2002) Major phenolic compounds in olive oil: metabolism and health effects. J Nutr Biochem 13:636–644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Un UT, Altay U, Koparal AS, Ogutveren UB (2008) Complete treatment of olive mill wastewaters by electrooxidation. Chem Eng J 139:445–452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ün UT, Uğur S, Koparal AS, Öğütveren ÜB (2006) Electrocoagulation of olive mill wastewaters. Sep Purif Technol 52:136–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visioli F, Galli C (2002) Biological properties of olive oil phytochemicals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 42:209–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaakoubi A, Chahlaoui A, Rahmani M, Elyachioui M, Nejdi I (2010) Effect of olive mill wastewater spreading on the physicochemical characteristics of soil. Des Water Treat 16:194–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zafra A, Juárez MJB, Blanc R, Navalón A, González J, Vílchez JL (2006) Determination of polyphenolic compounds in wastewater olive oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 70:213–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was developed under the scope of the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal) research grants (SFRH/BD/60429/2009 and SFRH/BPD/65410/2009) funded by QREN-POPH co-financed by the European Social Fund and Portuguese National Funds from MCTES, through FSE and POPH funds (Programa Ciência 2007) and through the bilateral cooperation FCT/CNRST.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Celine I. L. Justino, Ana C. Freitas, Teresa A. P. Rocha-Santos & Armando C. Duarte

  2. Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Ruth Pereira

  3. ISEIT/Viseu, Instituto Piaget, Estrada do Alto do Gaio, Galifonge, 3515-776, Lordosa, Viseu, Portugal

    Ana C. Freitas, Teresa A. P. Rocha-Santos & Teresa S. L. Panteleitchouk

Authors
  1. Celine I. L. Justino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ruth Pereira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ana C. Freitas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Teresa A. P. Rocha-Santos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Teresa S. L. Panteleitchouk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Armando C. Duarte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Celine I. L. Justino.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Justino, C.I.L., Pereira, R., Freitas, A.C. et al. Olive oil mill wastewaters before and after treatment: a critical review from the ecotoxicological point of view. Ecotoxicology 21, 615–629 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0806-y

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0806-y

Keywords

  • Biological and chemical treatments
  • Ecotoxicological evaluation
  • Olive oil mill wastewater (OMW)
  • Soil and freshwater receiving systems