Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of a weekly home-visiting parenting program designed to enhance parent-child engagement with educationally-enriching activities and its potential interaction with children’s participation in state-funded preschool. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset linked across various administrative sources, we employed a quasi-experimental approach featuring inverse probability weighting regression adjustment and nearest neighbor matching to assess outcomes as measured at or leading up to kindergarten entry. We focused on a cohort of 2,000 diverse children born between 2012 and 2016, aged three and four at the intervention’s onset. Participation in the home-visiting program was associated with significant positive effects on children’s cognitive skills, IDEA Part B service uptake, and the likelihood of reported child maltreatment, which persisted after adjusting for state-funded preschool participation. We found no statistical evidence of interactions between the program and preschool, underscoring the program’s additive contributions to early childhood development and family well-being.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abadie, A., Drukker, D., Herr, J. L., & Imbens, G. W. (2004). Implementing matching estimators for average treatment effects in Stata. The Stata Journal, 4(3), 290–311.
Abdulaziz, N. A. (2022). The impact of Texas HIPPY on school readiness and academic achievement: Optimal full propensity score analysis approach. Early Childhood Education Journal, 50(6), 925–935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01226-w.
Ahmed, S. F., Kuhfeld, M., Watts, T. W., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Vandell, D. L. (2021). Preschool executive function and adult outcomes: A developmental cascade model. Developmental Psychology, 57(12), 2234–2249. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001270.
Almond, D., Currie, J., & Duque, V. (2018). Childhood circumstances and adult outcomes: Act II. Journal of Economic Literature, 56(4), 1360–1446. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20171164.
Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion. Princeton University Press.
Araujo, M. C., Dormal, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Lazarte, F., Rubio-Codina, M., & Schady, N. (2021). Home visiting at scale and child development. Journal of Public Economics Plus, 2, 100003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubecp.2021.100003.
Attanasio, O., Baker-Henningham, H., Bernal, R., Meghir, C., Pineda, D., & Rubio-Codina, M. (2022). Early stimulation and nutrition: The impacts of a scalable intervention. Journal of the European Economic Association, 20(4), 1395–1432. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvac005.
Bailey, D. H., Jenkins, J. M., & Alvarez-Vargas, D. (2020). Complementarities between early educational intervention and later educational quality? A systematic review of the sustaining environments hypothesis. Developmental Review, 56, 100910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2020.100910.
Baker, A. J. L., Piotrkowski, C. S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1999). The home instruction program for Preschool youngsters (HIPPY). The Future of Children, 9(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602724.
Bernard, K., Meade, E., & Dozier, M. (2013). Parental synchrony and nurturance as targets in an attachment based intervention: Building upon Mary Ainsworth’s insights about mother–infant interaction. Attachment & Human Development, 15(5–6), 507–523. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013.820920.
Bono, E. D., Francesconi, M., Kelly, Y., & Sacker, A. (2016). Early maternal time investment and early child outcomes. The Economic Journal, 126(596), F96–F135. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12342.
Borairi, S., Fearon, P., Madigan, S., Plamondon, A., & Jenkins, J. (2021). A mediation meta-analysis of the role of maternal responsivity in the association between socioeconomic risk and children’s language. Child Development, 92(6), 2177–2193. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13695.
Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Esposito, G. (2020). Skill–experience transactions across development: Bidirectional relations between child core language and the child’s home learning environment. Developmental Psychology, 56(10), 1842–1854. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001092.
Briley, D. A., Harden, K. P., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2014). Child characteristics and parental educational expectations: Evidence for transmission with transaction. Developmental Psychology, 50, 2614–2632. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038094.
Britto, P. R., Lye, S. J., Proulx, K., Yousafzai, A. K., Matthews, S. G., Vaivada, T., Perez-Escamilla, R., Rao, N., Ip, P., Fernald, L. C. H., MacMillan, H., Hanson, M., Wachs, T. D., Yao, H., Yoshikawa, H., Cerezo, A., Leckman, J. F., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Nurturing care: Promoting early childhood development. The Lancet, 389(10064), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31390-3.
Carneiro, P. M., Galasso, E., Lopez Garcia, I. X., Bedregal, P., & Cordero, M. (2019). Parental beliefs, investments, and child development: Evidence from a large-scale experiment. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 8743.
Carr, R. C., Mokrova, I. L., Vernon-Feagans, L., & Burchinal, M. R. (2019). Cumulative classroom quality during pre-kindergarten and kindergarten and children’s language, literacy, and mathematics skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 47, 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.12.010.
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (2018, March 9). Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) services. https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/treatment/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/cp/treatment.html.
Clemens, N. H., Hagan-Burke, S., Luo, W., Cerda, C., Blakely, A., Frosch, J., Gamez-Patience, B., & Jones, M. (2015). The predictive validity of a computer-adaptive assessment of kindergarten and first-grade reading skills. School Psychology Review, 44(1), 76–97.
Cooke, J. E., Deneault, A. A., Devereux, C., Eirich, R., Fearon, R. M. P., & Madigan, S. (2022). Parental sensitivity and child behavioral problems: A meta-analytic review. Child Development, 93(5), 1231–1248. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13764.
Cunha, F., Elo, I., & Culhane, J. (2013). Eliciting maternal expectations about the technology of cognitive skill formation (Working Paper 19144). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w19144.
Cunha, F., Gerdes, M., Hu, Q., & Nihtianova, S. (2023). Language environment and maternal expectations: An evaluation of the LENA start program (Working Paper 30837). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w30837.
Currie, J., & Almond, D. (2011). Human capital development before age five. In D. Card & O. Ashenfelter (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. 4, pp. 1315–1486). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(11)02413-0.
Daucourt, M. C., Napoli, A. R., Quinn, J. M., Wood, S. G., & Hart, S. A. (2021). The home math environment and math achievement: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 147(6), 565–596. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000330.
Dearing, E., McCartney, K., & Taylor, B. A. (2009). Does higher quality early child care promote low-income children’s math and reading achievement in middle childhood? Child Development, 80(5), 1329–1349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01336.x.
Department of Health and Human Services (2024, June 14). What is Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness?https://homvee.acf.hhs.gov.
Doyle, O. (2022). Can early intervention have a sustained effect on human capital? Journal of Human Resources. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0321-11557R1.
Duncan, G., Ziol-Guest, K. M., & Kalil, A. (2010). Early-childhood poverty and adult attainment, behavior, and health. Child Development, 81(1), 306–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01396.x.
Duncan, G., Kalil, A., Mogstad, M., & Rege, M. (2023a). Investing in early childhood development in preschool and at home. In E. A. Hanushek, S. Machin, & L. Woessmann (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Education (Vol. 6, pp. 1–91). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.hesedu.2022.11.005.
Duncan, R. J., Korucu, I., & Schmitt, S. A. (2023b). Variations in early life home environment quality and children’s achievement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 85, 101500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101500.
Duncan, R. J., Nordgren, I., Schmitt, S. A., & Vandell, D. L. (2023c). Additive and synergistic relations of early mother–child and caregiver–child interactions and socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. Infant and Child Development, e2406. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2406.
Dupas, P., Falezan, C., Jayachandran, S., & Walsh, M. P. (2023). Informing mothers about the benefits of conversing with infants: Experimental evidence from Ghana (Working Paper 31264). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w31264.
Emmers, D., Jiang, Q., Xue, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, B., Dill, S. E., Qian, Y., Warrinnier, N., Johnstone, H., Cai, J., Wang, X., Wang, L., Luo, R., Li, G., Xu, J., Liu, M., Huang, Y., & Rozelle, S. (2021). Early childhood development and parental training interventions in rural China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Global Health, 6(8), e005578. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005578.
Feller, A., Grindal, T., Miratrix, L., & Page, L. C. (2016). Compared to what? Variation in the impacts of early childhood education by alternative care type. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 10(3), 1245–1285. https://doi.org/10.1214/16-AOAS910.
Ferjan Ramírez, N., Lytle, S. R., & Kuhl, P. K. (2020). Parent coaching increases conversational turns and advances infant language development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(7), 3484–3491. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921653117.
Filene, J. H., Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., & Cachat, P. (2013). Components associated with home visiting program outcomes: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132(Supplement_2), S100–S109. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1021H.
Fiorini, M., & Keane, M. P. (2014). How the allocation of children’s time affects cognitive and noncognitive development. Journal of Labor Economics, 32(4), 787–836. https://doi.org/10.1086/677232.
Florida Department of Children & Families (2020). CFOP 170-01 Florida child welfare practice model. https://www.myflfamilies.com/resources/policies-procedures/cfop-170-child-welfare.
Florida Department of Education, Division of Early Learning (2021). Form DEL-VPK 07, Voluntary Prekindergarten handbook: What parents need to know and understand about Florida VPK. https://www.flrules.org/gateway/reference.asp?No=Ref-13845.
Florida Kindergarten Readiness Screener Historical. Florida Department of Education, & Assessments (2022, November 22). & Publications Archive. https://www.fldoe.org/accountability/assessments/k-12-student-assessment/archive/flkrs/.
Fraley, R. C., Roisman, G. I., & Haltigan, J. D. (2013). The legacy of early experiences in development: Formalizing alternative models of how early experiences are carried forward over time. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027852.
Francesconi, M., & Heckman, J. J. (2016). Child development and parental investment: Introduction. The Economic Journal, 126(596), F1–F27. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12388.
García, J. L., & Heckman, J. J. (2023). Parenting promotes social mobility within and across generations. Annual Review of Economics, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-021423-031905. annurev-economics-021423-031905.
Gelber, A., & Isen, A. (2013). Children’s schooling and parents’ behavior: Evidence from the Head Start Impact Study. Journal of Public Economics, 101, 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.02.005.
Grantham-McGregor, S. M., & Walker, S. P. (2023). Early childhood interventions: Issues to consider in getting to scale. Pediatrics, 151(Supplement 2), e2023060221P. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-060221P.
Grindal, T., Bowne, J. B., Yoshikawa, H., Schindler, H. S., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2016). The added impact of parenting education in early childhood education programs: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.018.
Hadley, E. B., Liu, S., Kim, E., & McKenna, M. (2023). State-funded Pre-K and children’s language and literacy development: The case of COVID-19. Educational Researcher, 52(7), 434–443. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X231179111.
Hentges, R. F., Shaw, D. S., & Wang, M. T. (2018). Early childhood parenting and child impulsivity as precursors to aggression, substance use, and risky sexual behavior in adolescence and early adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 30(4), 1305–1319. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417001596.
HIPPY United States (2024, June 14). Learning begins at home. https://www.hippyus.org.
Howard, K. S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). The role of home-visiting programs in preventing child abuse and neglect. The Future of Children, 19(2), 119–146. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0032.
Jeong, J., Franchett, E. E., de Oliveira, C. V. R., Rehmani, K., & Yousafzai, A. K. (2021). Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine, 18(5), e1003602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003602.
Jervis, P., Coore-Hall, J., Pitchik, H. O., Arnold, C. D., Grantham-McGregor, S., Rubio-Codina, M., Baker-Henningham, H., Fernald, L. C. H., Hamadani, J., Smith, J. A., Trias, J., & Walker, S. P. (2023). The Reach Up parenting program, child development, and maternal depression: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 151(Supplement 2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-060221D. e2023060221D.
Johnson, R., & Jackson, C. (2019). Reducing inequality through dynamic complementarity: Evidence from Head Start and Public School Spending. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 11(4), 310–349.
Kalil, A. (2014). Inequality begins at home: The role of parenting in the diverging destinies of rich and poor children. Families in an era of increasing inequality: Diverging destinies (pp. 63–82). Springer.
Kline, P., & Walters, C. R. (2016). Evaluating public programs with close substitutes: The case of Head Start. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1795–1848. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw027.
Koop, J., Holliday, D., Mathews, B. L., Namaste, J., Alt, R., & Biel, C. H. (2022). Efficacy of a peer-based in‐home education program in improving social‐emotional outcomes of parents and children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 43(5), 783–796. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.22010.
Madigan, S., Prime, H., Graham, S. A., Rodrigues, M., Anderson, N., Khoury, J., & Jenkins, J. M. (2019). Parenting behavior and child language: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20183556. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3556.
Masek, L. R., McMillan, B. T. M., Paterson, S. J., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Golinkoff, R. M., & Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2021). Where language meets attention: How contingent interactions promote learning. Developmental Review, 60, 100961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100961.
Matone, M., O’Reilly, A. L., Luan, X., Localio, A. R., & Rubin, D. M. (2012). Emergency department visits and hospitalizations for injuries among infants and children following statewide implementation of a home visitation model. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16, 1754–1761.
Matone, M., Kellom, K., Griffis, H., Quarshie, W., Faerber, J., Gierlach, P., Whittaker, J., Rubin, D. M., & Cronholm, P. F. (2018). A mixed methods evaluation of early childhood abuse prevention within evidence-based home visiting programs. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 22(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2530-1.
McBride, J. R., Ysseldyke, J., Milone, M., & Stickney, E. (2010). Technical adequacy and cost benefit of four measures of early literacy. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25(2), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573510363796.
McCormick, M. P., Weissman, A. K., Weiland, C., Hsueh, J., Sachs, J., & Snow, C. (2020). Time well spent: Home learning activities and gains in children’s academic skills in the prekindergarten year. Developmental Psychology, 56(4), 710–726. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000891.
Merz, E. C., Zucker, T. A., Landry, S. H., Williams, J. M., Assel, M., Taylor, H. B., Lonigan, C. J., Phillips, B. M., Clancy-Menchetti, J., Barnes, M. A., Eisenberg, N., & de Villiers, J. (2015). Parenting predictors of cognitive skills and emotion knowledge in socioeconomically disadvantaged preschoolers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 132, 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.11.010.
Michalopoulos, C., Faucetta, K., Hill, C. J., Portilla, X. A., Burrell, L., Lee, H., Duggan, A., & Knox, V. (2019). Impacts on family outcomes of evidence-based early childhood home visiting: Results from the mother and infant home visiting program evaluation. Research, and evaluation, Administration for Children and Families (pp. 2019–2007). US Department of Health and Human Services.
Mistry, R. S., Benner, A. D., Biesanz, J. C., Clark, S. L., & Howes, C. (2010). Family and social risk, and parental investments during the early childhood years as predictors of low-income children’s school readiness outcomes. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 25(4), 432–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2010.01.002.
Morris, A. S., Robinson, L. R., Hays-Grudo, J., Claussen, A. H., Hartwig, S. A., & Treat, A. E. (2017). Targeting parenting in early childhood: A public health approach to improve outcomes for children living in poverty. Child Development, 88(2), 388–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12743.
Nathans, L., Nievar, A., & Tucker, M. (2020). The effects of the home instruction for parents of Preschool youngsters program on latino parenting using propensity score analysis. Journal of Social Service Research, 46(5), 726–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2019.1656144.
Nievar, A., Jacobson, A., Chen, Q., Johnson, U., & Dier, S. (2011). Impact of HIPPY on home learning environments of latino families. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 26(3), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.01.002.
Nievar, A., Brown, A. L., Nathans, L., Chen, Q., & Martinez-Cantu, V. (2018). Home visiting among inner-city families: Links to early academic achievement. Early Education and Development, 29(8), 1115–1128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2018.1506229.
Nix, R. L., Bierman, K. L., Motamedi, M., Heinrichs, B. S., & Gill, S. (2018). Parent engagement in a Head Start home visiting program predicts sustained growth in children’s school readiness. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 45, 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.06.006.
Payne, T., Joseph, R. A., Yampolskaya, S., & Vatalaro, A. (2020). Florida HIPPY parents successfully prepare their children for kindergarten. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 53, 650–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.07.007.
Peterson, C., Florence, C., & Klevens, J. (2018). The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States, 2015. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.018.
Riley, S., Brady, A. E., Goldberg, J., Jacobs, F., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (2008). Once the door closes: Understanding the parent–provider relationship. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(5), 597–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.11.011.
Roisman, G. I., & Fraley, R. C. (2013). Developmental mechanisms underlying the legacy of childhood experiences. Child Development Perspectives, 7(3), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12030.
Rossin-Slater, M., & Wüst, M. (2020). What is the added value of preschool for poor children? Long-term and intergenerational impacts and interactions with an infant health intervention. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 12(3), 255–286. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20180698.
Schlichting, L. E., Vivier, P. M., Berger, B., Parrillo, D., & Sheldrick, R. C. (2023). From descriptive to predictive: Linking early childhood developmental and behavioral screening results with educational outcomes in kindergarten. Academic Pediatrics, 23(3), 616–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2022.07.022.
Sherman, R., & Pashler, H. (2019). Powerful moderator variables in behavioral science? Don’t bet on them. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/c65wm.
Shonkoff, J. P., & Bales, S. N. (2011). Science does not speak for itself: Translating child development research for the public and its policymakers. Child Development, 82(1), 17–32.
Simonsmeier, B. A., Flaig, M., Deiglmayr, A., Schalk, L., & Schneider, M. (2022). Domain-specific prior knowledge and learning: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychologist, 57(1), 31–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2021.1939700.
Steiner, P. M., Cook, T. D., Shadish, W. R., & Clark, M. H. (2010). The importance of covariate selection in controlling for selection bias in observational studies. Psychological Methods, 15(3), 250.
Sweet, M. A., & Appelbaum, M. I. (2004). Is home visiting an effective strategy? A meta-analytic review of home visiting programs for families with young children. Child Development, 75(5), 1435–1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00750.x.
Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Luo, R., McFadden, K. E., Bandel, E. T., & Vallotton, C. (2019). Early home learning environment predicts children’s 5th grade academic skills. Applied Developmental Science, 23(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1345634.
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(5), 675–691.
Vernon-Feagans, L., & Bratsch-Hines, M. E. (2013). Caregiver–child verbal interactions in child care: A buffer against poor language outcomes when maternal language input is less. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(4), 858–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.08.002.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wade, M., Jenkins, J. M., Venkadasalam, V. P., Binnoon-Erez, N., & Ganea, P. A. (2018). The role of maternal responsiveness and linguistic input in pre-academic skill development: A longitudinal analysis of pathways. Cognitive Development, 45, 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.01.005.
Watts, T. W., Jenkins, J. M., Dodge, K. A., Carr, R. C., Sauval, M., Bai, Y., Escueta, M., Duer, J., Ladd, H., Muschkin, C., Peisner-Feinberg, E., & Ananat, E. (2023). Understanding heterogeneity in the impact of public preschool programs. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 88(1), 7–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12463.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2007). Inverse probability weighted estimation for general missing data problems. Journal of Econometrics, 141(2), 1281–1301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.02.002.
Yoshikawa, H., Weiland, C., Brooks-Gunn, J., Burchinal, M. R., Espinosa, L. M., Gormley, W. T., Ludwig, J., Magnuson, K. A., Phillips, D., & Zaslow, M. J. (2013). Investing in our future: The evidence base on preschool education. Society for Research in Child Development.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic Supplementary Material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Pages, R., Payne, T. & Knopf, H.T. Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of Its Parts? Impacts on Child Outcomes from a Home-Visiting Parenting Program and its Interaction with Preschool. Early Childhood Educ J (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-024-01720-x
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-024-01720-x