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Feeding trends of Psalidodon paranae in an impacted Neotropical basin: a multifactor and integrative approach

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Abstract

Psalidodon paranae is an endemic small Characidae from the Upper Paraná River ecoregion (Neotropical region, Brazil), where many watercourses are affected by anthropic activities. The Verde River (VR) was chosen as a model to study the feeding trends of P. paranae. Based on empirical observations, hypotheses were set concerning its occurrence, the environmental representativeness of its diet and the multifactors modulating ontogenetic, spatial, and temporal diet variations. To evaluate these hypotheses for the first time, an integrative approach was applied (modelling and multivariate techniques). Standardized samplings were performed monthly during one year at four sites. Influence of environmental variables on fish distribution was evaluated by means a general linear model. Stomach content analysis of P. paranae allowed the calculation of gravimetric frequency of consumed food categories. Ontogenetic, spatial, and temporal differences on diet were evaluated by means a permutational multivariate analysis of variance, and the influence of environmental variables on them with a canonical correspondence analysis. From the total of 301 specimens caught (4.6–13.4 cm total length range), 216 individuals of P. paranae presented stomach with contents. The species consumed 32 different food categories in VR, highlighting aquatic and terrestrial angiosperms, and beetles. The methods applied identified significative spatial and temporal differences in P. paranae diet as result of multifactors (palaeogeomorphology, abiotic, biotic, and anthropic) operating in the VR. Heterogeneity and complexity of VR and P. paranae occurrence and feeding trends evidenced that the opportunistic and generalist behavior lead to intrinsic patterns of each fish population at each watercourse.

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Acknowledgements

Data come from the project “Structure of assemblages and population dynamics of the Neotropical ichthyofauna from a Paranaense microbasin, Southern Brazil”, granted by Araucária Foundation (State of Paraná Research Foundation) and Boticário Group Foundation for Nature Protection. The first author thanks Araucária Foundation for the scholarship. The second author thanks CAPES (Finance Code 001) for the Doctorate scholarship. The last author thanks CNPq for the research grant (no. 310451/2018-3). Sampling was licensed by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity conservation (Authorizations no. 40132-2 and no. 51797-1), and by Certificate of the Ethics Committee in the Use of Animals UFPR (Authorization no. 38/2015). Editors (mentioning Dr. David Noakes, deceased) and referees presented hard comments for the initial version of this manuscript, but all of them were constructive, allowing an enrichment of this paper and a personal and professional growth for all authors.

Funding

Araucária Foundation (State of Paraná Research Foundation) and Boticário Group Foundation for Nature Protection. CAPES (Finance Code 001). CNPq (research grant no. 310451/2018–3).

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  1. Sclerochronology Laboratory, Federal University of Paraná – UFPR, Rua Pioneiro, 2153 Jardim Dallas CEP, Palotina, PR, 85950-000, Brazil

    Kathleen Angélica Rautenberg, Estevan Luiz da Silveira & André Martins Vaz-dos-Santos

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  1. Kathleen Angélica Rautenberg
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André Martins Vaz-dos-Santos and Estevan Luiz da Silveira were responsible by the study conception, sampling design, data collection and analyses. The second author and Kathleen Angélica Rautenberg contributed preparing materials, lab and data analysis, and producing graphical plots. All authors contributed to the textual production process and approved the final manuscript version.

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Correspondence to André Martins Vaz-dos-Santos.

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Rautenberg, K.A., da Silveira, E.L. & Vaz-dos-Santos, A.M. Feeding trends of Psalidodon paranae in an impacted Neotropical basin: a multifactor and integrative approach. Environ Biol Fish 104, 89–105 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-021-01058-y

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