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Occurrence and reproduction of tropical fishes in ocean warming hotspots of Japanese temperate reefs

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Abstract

Reproduction of tropical species beyond their geographic range associated with ocean warming is regarded as the key indicator of a range shift. However, the lack of historical breeding records poses challenges for detecting distinct range shifts of tropical fishes. To obtain baseline data of the current status of the occurrence and breeding activity of tropical pomacentrid and apogonid fishes in ocean warming hotspots of temperate reefs (Kochi and Wakayama, 33°N) of Japan, we conducted a two-year underwater visual survey and synthesized those data with recently published information. By combining data from the present as well as past studies, the results confirmed the occurrence of 52 pomacentrid and 34 apogonid species, whereas breeding activity was confirmed for 19 and 16 species, respectively. Species richness and abundance of recruitment periphery and breeding active species were high at the warmer site adjacent to the Kuroshio Current. Most observed species were found beyond their known geographic range. Some species showing active breeding were widespread tropical fishes (e.g., Amphiprion clarkii, Pomacentrus coelestis and Apogon notatus) and probably have established breeding populations irrespective of recent global warming. The winter sea water temperature around the study sites will continue to rise, increasing by >2 °C by the end of the century; therefore, our results are highly relevant and represent the first step to elucidate the potential range extension of tropical fishes into temperate reefs with climate change.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Sukumo and Ikenoura Fishery Cooperatives and Kushimoto Marine Park Center for providing logistic support. SST logger data at KA and YK were provided by Kochi Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station. We thank Kazushi Matsuno and Masayuki Mitsugi for providing the breeding activity pictures. Constructive comments on the manuscript by anonymous reviewers are much appreciated. This study was supported in part by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (FY2009 − 2011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan

    Kento Tose & Yohei Nakamura

  2. South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan

    Tomonori Hirata

  3. Kushimoto Marine Park Center, Kushimoto, Wakayama, Japan

    Yoshihiko Kotera

  4. Kuroshio Zikkan Center, Otsuki, Kochi, Japan

    Masaru Kanda

  5. Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan

    Yohei Nakamura

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  1. Kento Tose
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  2. Tomonori Hirata
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  3. Yoshihiko Kotera
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  4. Masaru Kanda
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  5. Yohei Nakamura
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Correspondence to Yohei Nakamura.

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Tose, K., Hirata, T., Kotera, Y. et al. Occurrence and reproduction of tropical fishes in ocean warming hotspots of Japanese temperate reefs. Environ Biol Fish 100, 617–630 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-017-0590-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-017-0590-5

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