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Hatchery practices may result in replacement of wild salmonids: adult trends in the Klamath basin, California

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Abstract

Appraisal of hatchery-related effects on Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) is a necessary component of species conservation. For example, hatchery supplementation can influence species viability by changing genetic, phenotypic and life-history diversity. We analyzed time series data for seven salmonid taxa from the Klamath River basin, California, to investigate trajectories of wild and hatchery adult populations. Linear regression coupled with randomized permutations (n = 99,999), two- tailed t tests, and Bayesian change point analysis were used to detect trends over time. Cross correlation was also used to evaluate relationships between wild and hatchery populations. The taxa of interest were spring, fall, and late-fall Chinook Salmon (O. tshawytscha); Coho Salmon (O. kisutch); Coastal Cutthroat Trout (O. clarki clarki); and summer and hybrid Steelhead Trout (O. mykiss). Significant decreases were detected for summer and hybrid Steelhead Trout. The proportion of wild fall Chinook has also significantly decreased concurrently with increases in hatchery returns. In comparison, returns of most Chinook and coho runs to the hatcheries, and fall Chinook strays to wild spawning areas from Iron Gate Hatchery have significantly increased since the 1970s. Increases were also detected for wild late-fall Chinook and spring Chinook adults. However, both of these were significantly correlated with Chinook Salmon returns to Trinity River Hatchery, suggesting augmentation by hatchery strays. Changes in abundances appeared related to changing ocean habitat conditions and hatchery practices. Our results suggest that anadromous salmonid populations in the Klamath River basin are becoming increasingly dependent on hatchery propagation, a pattern that can threaten population persistence.

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Acknowledgments

We thank California Department of Fish and Game [Diana Chesney, Morgan Knechtle, Mark Hampton (now of National Marine Fisheries Service), Wade Sinnen], Yurok Tribe Fisheries (Dan Gale, Monica Hiner), Salmon River Restoration Council (Tom Hotaling) and Iron Gate Hatchery (Kim Rushton, Jeree Orr) for providing data; Trinity River Restoration Program (Nina Hemphill) for comments on Trinity River Hatchery practices; and Marcel Holyoak for his guidance on the use of permutation tests. Huge thanks to Joe Kiernan who was instrumental in facilitating the Bayesian change point analyses. Finally, thanks to Lisa Thompson for her thoughtful review of an earlier version of the manuscript.

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  1. Michael L. Johnson

    Present address: Michael L. Johnson, LLC, Davis, CA, USA

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  1. Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    Rebecca M. Quiñones & Peter B. Moyle

  2. Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    Michael L. Johnson

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Quiñones, R.M., Johnson, M.L. & Moyle, P.B. Hatchery practices may result in replacement of wild salmonids: adult trends in the Klamath basin, California. Environ Biol Fish 97, 233–246 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-013-0146-2

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