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Perspectives on wild and hatchery salmon interactions at sea, potential climate effects on Japanese chum salmon, and the need for sustainable salmon fishery management reform in Japan

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Abstract

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) play an important role as a keystone species and provider of ecosystem services in the North Pacific ecosystem. We review our studies on recent production trends, marine carrying capacity, climate effects and biological interactions between wild and hatchery origin populations of Pacific salmon in the open sea, with a particular focus on Japanese chum salmon (O. keta). Salmon catch data indicates that the abundance of Pacific salmon increased since the 1976/77 ocean regime shift. Chum and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) maintained high abundances with a sharp increase in hatchery-released populations since the late 1980s. Since the 1990s, the biomass contribution of hatchery returns to the total catch amounts to 50% for chum salmon, more than 10% for pink salmon, and less than 10% for sockeye salmon (O. nerka). We show evidence of density-dependence of growth and survival at sea and how it might vary across spatial scales, and we provide some new information on foraging plasticity that may offer new insight into competitive interactions. The marine carrying capacity of these three species is synchronized with long-term patterns in climate change. At the present time, global warming has positively affected growth and survival of Hokkaido populations of chum salmon. In the future, however, global warming may decrease the marine carrying capacity and the area of suitable habitat for chum salmon in the North Pacific Ocean. We outline future challenges for salmon sustainable conservation management in Japan, and recommend fishery management reform to sustain the hatchery-supported salmon fishery while conserving natural spawning populations.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our sincere thanks to David Noakes of the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon Hatchery Research Center, Oregon State University, and Pete Rand of the State of the Salmon for their comments and encouragement on earlier draft of the paper. Permission was obtained from the TERRAPUB, the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, and the Springer Science + Business Media to reproduce figures from Kaeriyama (2008), Kaeriyama et al. (2009), and Seo et al. (2011), respectively. This study was supported in part by the Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (B) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS; No. 21380113) and the Mitsui-bussan Environment Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan

    Masahide Kaeriyama, Hyunju Seo & Hideaki Kudo

  2. Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Institute, Eniwa, Hokkaido, 061-1423, Japan

    Mitsuhiro Nagata

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  1. Masahide Kaeriyama
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  2. Hyunju Seo
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  4. Mitsuhiro Nagata
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Correspondence to Masahide Kaeriyama.

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Kaeriyama, M., Seo, H., Kudo, H. et al. Perspectives on wild and hatchery salmon interactions at sea, potential climate effects on Japanese chum salmon, and the need for sustainable salmon fishery management reform in Japan. Environ Biol Fish 94, 165–177 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9930-z

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