Abstract
The main objective of this study is to improve the modelling of household demand for transport services in a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The new extended model is then used for numerical calculations to test how the Swedish economy reacts to a carbon target. Special attention will be given to distributional effects and the connection between labour supply and work journeys in a sparsely populated country like Sweden. A differentiation between trip purposes and trip length, a complementary relationship between work journeys and labour supply, and a subdivision of households by density of population and income influence the numerical results. Our main conclusions from the analysis of a carbon target are that if the carbon tax revenue is recycled by decreasing the employers’ social contribution fee, welfare costs are lower than with lump-sum replacements of tax revenue to households. The welfare cost may be reduced even further if work journeys are not additionally taxed as compared to the base year. However, the lower total welfare cost is obtained at the expense of making society more unequal, since both labour tax recycling (cuts in employers’ social contributions) and exempting tax on work journeys will make low income groups carry a higher burden. An increased carbon dioxide tax is also shown to increase welfare differences between sparsely populated areas and city regions in Sweden.
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Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank Lars Bergman and Per-Olov Johansson for valuable advice and discussions. Helpful comments from Martin Hill, Jørgen Birk Mortensen, Göran östblom and two anonymous referees are also greatly appreciated. Financial support from the Nordic Energy Research Program (Nordic Energy Market Integration, Energy Efficiency and Climate Change) is gratefully acknowledged. The usual caveat applies.
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Berg, C. Household Transport Demand in a CGE-framework. Environ Resource Econ 37, 573–597 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-006-9050-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-006-9050-y