The mediating effects of needs satisfaction on the relationship between teacher support and student engagement with generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots from a self-determination theory (SDT) perspective

Table 4 Standardized direct, indirect and total effects among the variables

Predictor	Mediating/criterion variable	Direct effect	Indirect effect	Total effect
Teacher support	Needs satisfaction	0.70 (p <.001)	-	0.70
	Behavioral engagement	0.27 (p =.042)	0.29	0.56
	Emotional engagement	0.09 (p =.462)	0.46	0.55
	Cognitive engagement	0.31 (p =.012)	0.21	0.52
	Agentic engagement	0.31 (p =.016)	0.26	0.57
Needs satisfaction	Behavioral engagement	0.41 (p =.002)	-	0.41
	Emotional engagement	0.66 (p <.001)	-	0.66
	Cognitive engagement	0.31 (p =.014)	-	0.31
	Agentic engagement	0.37 (p =.002)	-	0.37