Abstract
Computer science development, especially machine learning, is a thriving innovation essential for education. It makes the process of teaching and learning more accessible and manageable and also promotes equality. The positive influence of machine learning can also be felt in Islamic studies, particularly in Hadith studies. This literature review highlights the role of machine learning in managing research regarding Hadith studies that have been published and categorizing it by their research topics, language & corpus, and the machine-learning algorithms. This article review has been conducted on 48 previously published hadith study journals. Then, we summarize existing trends, including trending topics, common language & corpus, and general algorithms often used in previous hadith-related reviews. This article aims to give new insight to help the broad community of researchers interested in these narrations to create fresh and further research with the uncommon topic, language & corpus, and algorithms. Furthermore, this article is also expected to contribute to academics and practitioners as a guide for conducting future research on the application of computer science in Hadith studies. We conclude that the most frequently discussed topic is Hadith Classification at 33.33%, the most widely used language is Arabic at 43.75%, and the most commonly used algorithm is SVM at 12.5%. In addition, the dataset mainly used is a public dataset by Al-Bukhari at 30.53%
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
References
Abdelaal, H. M., Ahmed, A. M., Ghribi, W., & YounessAlansary, H. A. (2019a). Knowledge discovery in the Hadith according to the reliability and memory of the reporters using machine learning techniques. IEEE Access, 7, 157741–157755. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2944118
Abdelaal, H. M., Elemary, B. R., & Youness, H. A. (2019b). Classification of Hadith according to its content based on supervised learning algorithms. IEEE Access, 7, 152379–152387. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2948159
Abdelaal, H. M., & Youness, H. A. (2019). Hadith classification using machine learning techniques according to its reliability. Romanian Journal of Information Science and Technology, 22(3–4), 259–271.
Abdelkader, A., Najeeb, M., Alnamari, M., & Malik, H. (2019). Creation of Arabic ontology for hadith science. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 8, 3269–3276. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/96862019
Abdi, A., Hasan, S., Arshi, M., Shamsuddin, S. M., & Idris, N. (2020). A question answering system in hadith using linguistic knowledge. Computer Speech and Language, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2019.101023
Adeleke, A. O., Samsudin, N. A., Mustapha, A., & Nawi, N. M. (2017). Comparative analysis of text classification algorithms for automated labelling of Quranic verses. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 7(4), 1419–1427. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.7.4.2198
Aghahadi, Z., & Talebpour, A. (2018). Word embedding in small corpora: A case study in Quran. 2018 8th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering, ICCKE 2018, Iccke, 303–307. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCKE.2018.8566605
Alkaoud, M., & Syed, M. (2021). Learning to identify narrators in classical arabic texts. Procedia CIRP, 189, 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.05.109
Alkhatib, M., Monem, A. A., & Shaalan, K. (2017). A rich arabic WordNet Resource for Al-Hadith Al-Shareef. Procedia Computer Science, 117, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.10.098
Alqahtani, A., Kurdi, H., & Abdulghani, M. (2021). Hadithtrust: Trust management approach inspired by hadith science for peer-to-peer platforms. Electronics (Switzerland), 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121442
AtefMosa, M. (2021). Predicting semantic categories in text based on knowledge graph combined with machine learning techniques. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 35(12), 933–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2021.1966883
Ayon, D. (2016). Machine learning algorithms : A review. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 7(3), 1174–1179. https://doi.org/10.21275/ART20203995
Azalia, F. Y., Bijaksana, M. A., & Huda, A. F. (2019). Name indexing in Indonesian translation of hadith using named entity recognition with naïve bayes classifier. Procedia Computer Science, 157, 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.08.151
Aziz, M. A., Azni, I. F., Abbas, W. F., Hafez, M. I., & Shariff, N. N. M. (2020). Quranic verse finder: A tool for speech preparation using quranic verses. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 18(3), 1616–1623. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1616-1623
Azmi, A. M., Al-Qabbany, A. O., & Hussain, A. (2019). Computational and natural language processing based studies of hadith literature: A survey. Artificial Intelligence Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-019-09692-w
Basir, N., Nabila, N. F., Zaizi, N. J. M., Saudi, M. M., Ridzuan, F., & Pitchay, S. A. (2018). Retrieval performance for USIM’s Quranic search engine. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (UAE), 7(4), 126–129. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.21433
Binbeshr, F., Kamsin, A., & Mohammed, M. (2021). A systematic review on hadith authentication and classification methods. ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1145/3434236
Bounhas, I., Ayed, R., Elayeb, B., & Bellamine Ben Saoud, N. (2015). A hybrid possibilistic approach for Arabic full morphological disambiguation. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 100, 240–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2015.06.008
Chowdhury, M. H., Rab, M. A. A., Said, W. M., Ghazali, N. M., Mohamed, Y., & T. A. K. (2017). Application of modern technology in the study of hadith and its sciences: A case study. Advanced Science Letters, 23, 4773–4776. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.8895
Dahiya, A., Gautam, N., & Gautam, P. K. (2021). Data mining methods and techniques for online customer review analysis: A literature review. Journal of System and Management Sciences, 11(3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.33168/JSMS.2021.0301
Dewan, M. H., Godina, R., Chowdhury, M. R. K., Noor, C. W. M., Wan Nik, W. M. N., & Man, M. (2023). Immersive and non-immersive simulators for the education and training in maritime domain—A Review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010147
Fadele, A. A., Kamsin, A., Ahmad, K., & Hamid, H. (2022). A novel classification to categorise original hadith detection techniques. International Journal of Information Technology (Singapore), 14(5), 2361–2375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-021-00649-3
Fadele, A. A., Kamsin, A., Ahmad, K., & Rasheed, R. A. (2021). A novel Hadith authentication mobile system in Arabic to Malay language translation for android and iOS Phones. International Journal of Information Technology (singapore), 13(4), 1683–1692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-020-00542-5
Fairouz, B., Nora, T., & Nouha, A. A. (2020). An ontological model of hadith texts: Semantic representation of hadith. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 11(4), 367–371. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2020.0110451
Hammo, B. H. (2009). Towards enhancing retrieval effectiveness of search engines for diacritisized Arabic documents. Information Retrieval, 12(3), 300–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-008-9081-9
Hamzah, N., Abd Halim, N. D., Hassan, M. H., & Ariffin, A. (2019). Android application for children to learn basic solat. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 13(7), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i07.10758
Harrag, F. (2014). Text mining approach for knowledge extraction in Sahîh Al-Bukhari. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 558–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.035
Hasan, A. M., & Zakaria, L. Q. (2016). Question classification using support vector machine and pattern matching. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 87(2), 259–265.
Jaber, M. J., & Saad, S. (2016). Ner in English translation of hadith. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 84(3), 348–354.
Kabir, M. N., Hasan, M. M., Rahman, M. A., & Tao, H. (2018). Development of a web-extension for authentication of online hadith texts. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (UAE), 7(2), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.5.10047
Keele, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. Technical Report, Ver. 2.3 EBSE Technical Report. EBSE.
Kitchenham, B., Pearl Brereton, O., Budgen, D., Turner, M., Bailey, J., & Linkman, S. (2009). Systematic literature reviews in software engineering - A systematic literature review. Information and Software Technology, 51(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2008.09.009
Kurniawan, R., & Yendra, R. (2016). Prototype expert system using Bayesian. Ournal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 93(May 2017), 338–344.
Luthfi, E. T., Suryana, N., & Basari, A. H. (2019). A novel graph-based representation for Hadith sanad. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 8(1.5 Special Issue), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/5881.52019
Luthfi, E. T., Yusoh, Z. I. M., & Aboobaider, B. M. (2021). Enhancing the Takhrij Al-Hadith based on Contextual Similarity using BERT Embeddings. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12(11), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021.0121133
Luthfi, E. T., Yusoh, Z. I. M., & Aboobaider, B. M. (2022). BERT based named entity recognition for automated hadith narrator identification. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 13(1), 604–611. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2022.0130173
Mahmood, A., Khan, H. U., Alarfaj, F. K., Ramzan, M., & Ilyas, M. (2018). A multilingual datasets repository of the Hadith content. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 9(2), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2018.090224
Mahmood, A., Khan, H. U., Rehman, Z. U., Iqbal, K., & Faisal, C. M. S. (2019). KEFST: A knowledge extraction framework using finite-state transducers. Electronic Library, 37(2), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-10-2018-0196
Mahmoud, S., Saif, O., Nabil, E., Abdeen, M., Elnainay, M., & Torki, M. (2022). AR-Sanad 280K: A novel 280K artificial sanads dataset for hadith narrator disambiguation. Information (Switzerland), 13(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13020055
Malhas, R., & Elsayed, T. (2022). Arabic machine reading comprehension on the Holy Qur’an using CL-AraBERT. Information Processing and Management, 59(6), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103068
Maraoui, H., Haddar, K., & Romary, L. (2021). Arabic factoid Question-Answering system for Islamic sciences using normalized corpora. Procedia Computer Science, 192, 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.08.008
Mediamer, G., & Faraby, S. Al. (2019). Development of rule-based feature extraction in multi-label text classification. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 9(4), 1460–1465. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.9.4.8894
Najeeb, M. M. (2015). Multi-agent system for hadith processing. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 9(9), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijseia.2015.9.9.13
Najeeb, M. M. A. (2020). A novel hadith processing approach based on genetic algorithms. IEEE Access, 8, 20233–20244. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2968417
Namoun, A., & Alshanqiti, A. (2021). Predicting student performance using data mining and learning analytics techniques: A systematic literature review. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010237
Neamah, N., & Saad, S. (2017). Question answering system supporting vector machine method for hadith domain. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 95(7), 1510–1524.
Nurfikri, F. S., & Adiwijaya. (2021). Improving chi-square feature selection using a bernoulli model for multi-label classification of Indonesian-Translated Hadith. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12(12), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021.0121268
Pratama, S. E., Darmalaksana, W., Sa’adillahMaylawati, D., Sugilar, H., Mantoro, T., & Ramdhani, M. A. (2020). Weighted inverse document frequency and vector space model for hadith search engine. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 18(2), 1004–1014. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i2.pp1004-1014
Purbolaksono, M. D., Reskyadita, F. D., & Suryani, A. A. (2020). Indonesian text classification using back propagation and sastrawi stemming analysis with information gain for selection feature. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 10(1), 234–238. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.10.1.8858
Rahman, N. A., RafhanSyamil, F. I. M., & bin Rodzman, S. B. (2020). Development of mobile application for Malay translated hadith search engine. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 20(2), 932–938. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i2.pp932-938
Ramadhan, A. (2022). Data capital : A systematic literature review. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 42(2), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.14429/djlit.42.2.17503
Rodzman, SB Bin., Ismail, N. K., Rahman, N. A., Aljunid, S. A., Nor, Z. M., & Noor, A. Y. M. (2019). Domain specific concept ontologies and text summarization as hierarchical fuzzy logic ranking indicator on Malay text corpus. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 15(3), 1527–1534. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i3.pp1527-1534
Rostam, N. A. P., & Malim, N. H. A. H. (2021). Text categorisation in Quran and Hadith: Overcoming the interrelation challenges using machine learning and term weighting. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 33(6), 658–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2019.03.007
Salah, R. E., & Zakaria, L. Q. B. (2018). Building the classical arabic named entity recognition corpus (Canercorpus). Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 96(24), 8340–8351. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFRKM.2018.8464820
Sazali, S. S., Rahman, N. A., & Bakar, Z. A. (2022). Characteristics of Malay translated hadith corpus. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 34(5), 2151–2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.07.011
Taufik, I., Jaenudin, M., Badriyah, F. U., Subaeki, B., & Kurahman, O. T. (2021). The search for science and technology verses in qur’an and hadith. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 10(2), 1008–1014. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.2629
Tubishat, M., Ja’afar, S., Alswaitti, M., Mirjalili, S., Idris, N., Ismail, M. A., & Omar, M. S. (2021). Dynamic Salp swarm algorithm for feature selection. Expert Systems with Applications, 164(August 2020), 113873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113873
Tubishat, M., Ja’afar, S., Idris, N., Al-Betar, M. A., Alswaitti, M., Jarrah, H., Ismail, M. A., & Omar, M. S. (2022). Improved sine cosine algorithm with simulated annealing and singer chaotic map for Hadith classification. Neural Computing and Applications, 34(2), 1385–1406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06448-y
Yusoff, Y., Ismail, R., & Hassan, Z. (2010). Adopting hadith verification techniques in to digital evidence authentication. Journal of Computer Science, 6(6), 613–618. https://doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2010.613.618
Yusup, F. A., Bijaksana, M. A., & Huda, A. F. (2019). Narrator’s name recognition with support vector machine for indexing Indonesian hadith translations. Procedia Computer Science, 157, 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.08.157
Zuiderwijk, A., Chen, Y. C., & Salem, F. (2021). Implications of the use of artificial intelligence in public governance: A systematic literature review and a research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 38(3), 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101577
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
BS search for the topic that will be used in the SLR journal. AR and AT compile the introduction section based on the journal topic. EA and MZ conduct a review and correction of the introduction section. BS and AR determine the method to be used in the research. BS design and determine the Research Question (RQ) that will be used to guide the literature search and extraction process. BS, AR and AT discuss and provide input on the RQ to make the research more focused. EA and MZ provide guidance for the RQ to be more measurable, and directed towards understanding the state-of-the-art research on the research topic. BS and AR define the criteria for Quality Assessments (QA) used in selecting journals from the search results. BS and AR determine the digital library used to search for journal keywords. AT provide input to add digital libraries. BS and AR define the steps for searching for journals using search keywords. BS Conduct a search using title and abstract keywords and filter based on topic, time and journal type. BS Select journals from the search results based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. BS gather, group and store the data from the selected journals into an Excel file. BS perform data extraction by reading and filtering the journals based on RQ and QA. BS and AR display the literature review results of the journals obtained from data extraction and create visualizations and display the results in the form of tables and graphs. EA and MZ conduct a review and correction of the way the visualization results are displayed. BS and AR Add a discussion section containing an analysis based on the SLR journal visualization results. AR and AT conduct a review and correction of the discussion section. BS and AR add a limitation section that contains the scope limitations of the SLR research. EA and MZ conduct a review and correction of the limitation section. BS draw conclusions based on the RQ, discussion results, and analysis. AR, AT, EA and MZ conduct a review and correction of the conclusion. BS compile the abstract section, which is a summary of all parts of the SLR. AR, AT, EA and MZ conduct a review and correction of the abstract section.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors consist of: (A) Bambang Sulistio, (B) Arief Ramadhan, (C) Agung Trisetyarso, (D) Edi Abdurachman, and (E) Muhammad Zarlis. Through this letter we would like to declare a number of related matters:
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declares that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sulistio, B., Ramadhan, A., Abdurachman, E. et al. The utilization of machine learning on studying Hadith in Islam: A systematic literature review. Educ Inf Technol 29, 5381–5419 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12008-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12008-9