Abstract
Online education is continuing to gain popularity in educational institutions and organizations. Hitherto, most research has occurred at aggregated levels, while few researchers have studied how and why individuals participate in online education. It is essential to examine individual perceptions and relationships in order to understand how students behave in relation to others. This paper investigates how students of higher education participate in online seminars and why they participate in certain ways. An online class that attended asynchronous and synchronous online seminars was studied. Electronic logs were used to examine how students participated and interviews were used to illustrate why they participated. It was revealed that the participation of students varied between aspects such as exchanging information, managing tasks and providing social support and the emphasis of these aspects were related to the tool they communicated through. A number of participation inhibitors were identified and it was also suggested how these inhibitors can be addressed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alavi, M., & Dufner, D. (2005). Technology-mediated collaborative learning: A research perspective. In S. R. Hiltz & R. Goldman (Eds.), Learning together online: Research on asynchronous learning networks (pp. 191–213). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Antonenko, P. D., Ogilvie, C. A., Niederhauser, D. S., Jackman, J., Kumsaikaew, P., Marathe, R. R., et al. (2011). Understanding student pathways in context-rich problems. Education and Information Technologies.
Augustsson, G. (2010). Web 2.0, pedagogical support for reflexive and emotional social interaction among Swedish students. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(4), 197–205.
Bassili, J. N., & Joordens, S. (2008). Media player tool use, satisfaction with online lectures and examination performance. Journal of Distance Education, 22(2), 93–108.
Bento, R., & Schuster, C. (2003). Participation: The online challenge. In A. Aggarwal (Ed.), Web-based education: Learning from experience (pp. 156–164). Hershey: Idea Group.
Bristol, T. J. (2010). Twitter: Consider the possibilities for continuing nursing education. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 41(5), 199–200.
Brown, A. L., & Campione, J. C. (1990). Communities of learning and thinking, or a context by any other name. In D. Kuhn (Ed.), Developmental perspectives on teaching and learning thinking skills (Vol. 21, pp. 108–126). London: Karger.
Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 17(1), 32–42.
Carlén, U. (2010). A professional community goes online: A study of an online learning community in general medicine. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet.
Carlén, U., & Jobring, O. (2005). The rationale of online learning communities. International Journal of Web Based Communities, 1(3), 272–295.
Carr, T., Cox, G., Eden, A., & Hanslo, M. (2004). From peripheral to full participation in a blended trade bargaining simulation. British Journal of Educational Technology, 35(2), 197–211.
Cercone, K. (2008). Characteristic of adult learners with implication for online learning design. Association for the Advancement of Computing In Education Education Journal, 16(2), 137–159.
Chou, C. C. (2002). A comparative content analysis of student interaction in synchronous and asynchronous learning networks. Paper presented at the 35th International conference on system sciences, Hawaii.
Cole, M. (2009). Using wiki technology to support student engagement: Lessons from the trenches. Computers & Education, 52(1), 141–146.
Daniel, B., Schwier, R. A., & McCalla, C. (2003). Social capital in virtual learning communities and distributed communities of practice. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 29(3), 113–139.
De Wever, B., Schellens, T., Valcke, M., & Van Keer, H. (2006). Content analysis schemes to analyze transcripts of online asynchronous discussion groups: A review. Computers & Education, 46(1), 6–28.
Edelson, D. C., Pea, R. D., & Gomez, L. (1996). Constructivism in the collaboratory. In B. G. Wilson (Ed.), Constructivist learning environments: Case studies in instructional design (pp. 151–164). Englewood Cliffs: Educational Technology.
Engeström, Y. (1999). Innovative learning in work teams: Analysing cycles of knowledge creation in practice. In Y. Engeström, R. Miettinen, & R.-L. Punamäki (Eds.), Perspectives on activity theory (pp. 377–404). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fredericksen, E., Picket, A., Shea, P., Pelz, W., & Swan, K. (2000). Student satisfaction and perceived learning with on-line courses: Principles and examples from the SUNY learning network. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 4(2), 7–41.
Garrison, D. R., & Anderson, T. (2003). E-learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Goldman, R., Crosby, M., Swan, K., & Shea, P. (2005). Qualitative and quisitive research methods for describing online learning. In S. R. Hiltz & R. Goldman (Eds.), Learning together online: Research on asynchronous learning networks (pp. 103–120). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Harasim, L., Hiltz, S. R., Teles, L., & Turoff, M. (1995). Learning networks: A field guide to teaching and learning online. Cambridge: The MIS Press.
Hatzipanagos, S., & Warburton, S. (2009). Feedback as dialogue: Exploring the links between formative assessment and social software in distance learning. Learning, Media and Technology, 34(1), 45–59.
Haythornthwaite, C. (2000). Online personal networks: Size, composition and media use among distance learners. New Media & Society, 2(2), 195–225.
Haythornthwaite, C. (2002). Building social networks via computer networks: Creating and sustaining distributed learning communities. In K. A. Renninger & W. Schumar (Eds.), Building virtual communities: Learning and change in cyberspace (pp. 159–190). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Haythornthwaite, C. (2006). Facilitating collaboration in online learning. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 10(1), 7–24.
Haythornthwaite, C., & Kazmer, M. (Eds.). (2004). Learning, culture and community in online education: Research and practice. New York: Lang.
Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M., Robins, J., & Shoemaker, S. (2000). Community development among distance learners: Temporal and technological dimensions. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1).
Henri, F. (1991). Computer conferencing and content analysis. In A. Kaye (Ed.), Collaborative learning through computer conferencing: The Najaden papers (pp. 117–136). London: Springer.
Hillman, D. (1999). A new method for analyzing patterns of interaction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 13(2), 37–47.
Hiltz, S. R., Coppola, N., Rotter, N., Turoff, M., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2000). Measuring the importance of collaborative learning for the effectiveness of ALN: A multi-measure, multi-method approach. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 4(2), 103–125.
Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Hrastinski, S. (2006). Introducing an informal synchronous medium in a distance learning course: How is participation affected? The Internet and Higher Education, 9(2), 117–131.
Hrastinski, S. (2008a). The potential of synchronous communication to enhance participation in online discussions: A case study of two e-learning courses. Information Management, 45(7), 499–506.
Hrastinski, S. (2008b). What is online learner participation? A literature review. Computers & Education, 51(4), 1755–1765.
Jaldemark, J. (2005). The ups and downs of learning online. In A. Méndez-Vilas, B. González-Pereira, J. Mesa-González & J. A. Mesa-González (Eds.), Recent research developments in learning technologies. m-ICTE2005, the 3 rd International Conference on Multimedia and ICTs in Education (Vol. III, pp. 1233–1238). Badajoz, Spain: FORMATEX.
Jaldemark, J. (2008). Participation and genres of communication in online settings of higher education. Education and Information Technologies, 13(2), 129–146.
Jaldemark, J. (2010). Participating in a boundless activity: Computer-mediated communication in Swedish higher education Unpublished thesis. Umeå: Umeå University.
Jonassen, D. H., & Land, S. M. (2000). Theoretical foundations of learning environments. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Jonsson, L., & Säljö, R. (2009). The online seminar as enacted practice. In M. H. Stansfield & T. M. Connolly (Eds.), Institutional transformation through best practices in virtual campus development: Advancing e-learning policies (pp. 38–54). Hershey: Idea Group.
Kinshuk, & Chen, N. S. (2006). Synchronous methods and applications in e-learning. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 23(3).
Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., Jochems, W., & van Buuren, H. (2011). Measuring perceived social presence in distributed learning groups. Education and Information Technologies.
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mazur, J. M. (2004). Conversational analysis for educational technologists: Theoretical and methodological issues for researching the structures, processes, and meaning of on-line talk. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 1073–1098). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Münzer, S. (2003). An evaluation of synchronous co-operative distance learning in the field: The importance of instructional design. Educational Media International, 40(1–2), 91–100.
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace: Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2003). The virtual student: A profile and guide to working with online learners. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community. New York: Addison-Wesley.
Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers. Malden: Blackwell.
Romiszowski, A., & Mason, R. (2004). Computer-mediated communication. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 397–431). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2000). Methodological issues in the content analysis of computer conference transcripts. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 12, 8–22.
Rovai, A. P. (2002). Building sense of community at a distance. International review of research in open and distance learning, 3(1), 1–16.
Rovai, A. P. (2007). Facilitating online discussions effectively. The Internet and Higher Education, 10(1), 77–88.
Säljö, R. (1999). Learning as the use of tools: A sociocultural perspective on the human-technology link. In K. Littleton & P. Light (Eds.), Learning with computers: Analysing productive interaction (pp. 144–161). London: Routledge.
Seddon, K., Postlethwaite, K., & Lee, G. (2011). Understanding the experience of non contributory online participants (readers) in National College for School Leadership online communities. Education and Information Technologies.
Seufert, S., Lechner, U., & Stanoevska, K. (2002). A reference model for online learning communities. International Journal on E-Learning, 1(1), 43–55.
Sfard, A. (1998). On two metaphors for learning and the dangers of choosing just one. Educational Researcher, 27(2), 4–13.
Sim, J. W. S., & Hew, K. F. (2010). The use of weblogs in higher education settings: A review of empirical research. Educational Research Review, 5(2), 151–163.
Stemler, S., E. (2004). A comparison of consensus, consistency, and measurement approaches to estimating interrater reliability. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 9(4).
Sutton, L. (2001). The principle of vicarious interaction in computer-mediated communications. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 7(3), 223–242.
Swan, K., & Shea, P. (2005). The development of virtual learning communities. In S. R. Hiltz & R. Goldman (Eds.), Learning together online: Research on asynchronous learning networks (pp. 239–260). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Thompson, M. M. (1998). Distance learners in higher education. In C. C. Gibson (Ed.), Distance learners in higher education: Institutional responses for quality outcomes. Madison: Atwood.
Tweddell Levinsen, K. (2007). Qualifying online teachers: Communicative skills and their impact on e-learning quality. Education and Information Technologies, 12(1), 41–51.
Wegerif, R. (1998). The social dimension of asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 2(1), 34–49.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wertsch, J. V. (2007). Mediation. In H. Daniels, M. Cole, & J. V. Wertsch (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to Vygotsky (pp. 178–192). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wiertz, C., & de Ruyter, K. (2007). Beyond the call of duty: Why customers contribute to firm-hosted commercial online communities. Organization Studies, 28(3), 347–376.
Woo, Y., & Reeves, T. (2007). Meaningful interaction in web-based learning: A social constructivist interpretation. The Internet and Higher Education, 10(1), 15–25.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hrastinski, S., Jaldemark, J. How and why do students of higher education participate in online seminars?. Educ Inf Technol 17, 253–271 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-011-9155-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-011-9155-y