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Drummond is an example of a mining company that has hired paramilitaries. The extractive industry benefits from and perpetuates violence by hiring paramilitaries, who threaten the unions and force farmers to abandon their land. For example, see Mauricio Romero Vidal and Ariel Fernando Ávila Martinez. 2011 La Economía de los Paramilitares: Redes de Corrupción, Negocios y Política. Debate. Or Romero, Mauricio, and Diana Fernanda Torres Or 2011 Drummond, Chiquita y Paramilitares: Adaptación y Negociación de Ventajas en Medio del Conflicto. La Economía de Los Paramilitares. Redes de Corrupción, Negocios y Política.
Cerrejón's operations have displaced thousands of farmers, indigenous Wayuu and Afro-Colombians in La Guajira. The communities that were displaced before 1997 have not yet been resettled, and one community that was displaced in 2001 (Tabaco) is still in the process of negotiating their resettlement. Many other communities have been or are in the process of resettlement at this time. The Wayuu communities do not need not be resettled, because they are still occupying their indigenous reserves, but they are negotiating for benefits and compensation for damages related to mining operations. In some cases, Wayuu communities have been relocated because their reserves were located in highly polluted areas.
Freddy Lozano lives in Barranquilla, a city with a large population of Lebanese–Colombians who own many of the companies and businesses based there.
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Banks, E., Perez-Rivera, G.C. The life of a Colombian union organizer: an interview with Fredy Lozano. Dialect Anthropol 39, 321–327 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-015-9388-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-015-9388-z