Abstract
Motivated by the COVID-19 pandemic, we consider the scheduling of seating arrangement for an event that is divided into sessions, aiming at reducing the number of close contacts of participants, while the physical and temporal distancing rules are taken into consideration simultaneously. In this paper, we formalize the requirements as a resolvable graph decomposition or packing problem, and focus on the grid graphs defined over vertices that are arranged into arrays embedded in the Euclidean space. We provide explicit constructions of such arrangement, and particularly for those that reach or asymptotically reach the largest possible number of sessions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Abel R.J.R., Greig M.: BIBDs with small block size. In: Colbourn C.J., Dinitz J.H. (eds.) Handbook of Combinatorial Designs, 2nd edn, pp. 72–79. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2007).
Abel R.J.R., Ge G., Yin J.: Resolvable and near-resolvable designs. In: Colbourn C.J., Dinitz J.H. (eds.) Handbook of Combinatorial Designs, 2nd edn, pp. 124–132. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2007).
Bermond J.-C., Heinrich K., Yu M.-L.: Existence of resolvable path designs. Eur. J. Comb. 11, 205–211 (1990).
Bryant D., Rodger C.: Cycle decompositions. In: Colbourn C.J., Dinitz J.H. (eds.) Handbook of Combinatorial Designs, 2nd edn, pp. 373–382. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2007).
Colbourn C.J., Stinson D.R., Zhu L.: More frames with block size four. J. Comb. Math. Comb. Comput. 23, 3–19 (1997).
Danziger P., Mendelsohn E., Quattrocchi G.: Resolvable decompositions of \(\lambda {K}_n\) into the union of two \(2\)-paths. ARS Comb. 93, 33–49 (2009).
Ge G., Ling A.C.H.: On the existence of resolvable \({K}_4-e\)-designs. J. Comb. Des. 15, 502–510 (2007).
Greenhalgh T., Jimenez J.L., Prather K.A., et al.: Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Lancet 397, 1603–1605 (2021).
Horton J.D.: Resolvable path designs. J. Comb. Theory Ser. A 39, 117–131 (1985).
Huang C.: Resolvable balanced bipartite designs. Discret. Math. 14, 319–335 (1976).
Kirkman T.P.: Query VI. In: Lady’s and Gentleman’s Diary. pp. 48 (1850).
Lenz H., Ringel G.: A brief review on Egmont Köhler’s mathematical work. Discret. Math. 97, 3–16 (1991).
Li Y., Yin J.: Resolvable packings of \(K_v\) with \(K_2\times K_c\)’s. J. Comb. Des. 17, 177–189 (2009).
Lidl R., Niederreiter H.: Finite Fields, 2nd edn Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1997).
Lim W.-Y., Tan G.S.E., Htun H.L., et al.: First nosocomial cluster of COVID-19 due to the Delta variant in a major acute care hospital in Singapore: investigations and outbreak response. J. Hosp. Infect. 122, 27–34 (2022).
Lu X.-N.: Optimal resolvable \(2\times c\) grid-block coverings. Util. Math. 103, 111–120 (2017).
Lu X.-N., Satoh J., Jimbo M.: Grid-block difference families and related combinatorial structures. Discret. Math. 342, 2023–2032 (2019).
Mutoh Y., Jimbo M., Fu H.-L.: A resolvable \(r\times c\) grid-block packing and its application to DNA library screening. Taiwan. J. Math. 8, 713–737 (2004).
Stinson D.R.: Frames for Kirkman triple systems. Discret. Math. 65, 289–300 (1987).
Stinson D.R.: A survey of Kirkman triple systems and related designs. Discret. Math. 92, 371–393 (1991).
Su R., Wang L.: Minimum resolvable coverings of \({K}_v\) with copies of \({K}_4-e\). Graphs Combin. 27, 883–896 (2011).
Wang L.: Completing the spectrum of resolvable \(({K}_4-e)\)-designs. ARS Comb. 105, 289–291 (2012).
Watson O.J., Barnsley G., Toor J., et al.: Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1293–1302 (2022).
Willett B.J., Grove J., MacLean O.A., et al.: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron is an immune escape variant with an altered cell entry pathway. Nat. Microbiol. 7, 1161–1179 (2022).
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by C. J. Colbourn.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chee, Y.M., Ling, A.C.H., Vu, V.K. et al. Scheduling to reduce close contacts: resolvable grid graph decomposition and packing. Des. Codes Cryptogr. 91, 4093–4106 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10623-023-01291-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10623-023-01291-9