Abstract
The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effect of Bacillus subtilis fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in piglets. Sixty crossbred (Duroc×Landrance×Yorkshire) piglets at an average weight of 8.62 kg were randomly allotted to two treatments and fed diets containing soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively. At the end of the experimental period, six piglets of each treatment were slaughtered humanly to collect the contents and tissue samples at three different locations in small intestine. Light microscopy and scanning electron indicated that piglets fed FSBM had a higher (P<0.05) villus height at three different locations of small intestine and had la ower (P<0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum compared to piglets fed SBM. The results showed that activities of total protease and trypsin at the duodenum and jejunum of piglets fed with FSBM increased (P<0.05) compared with the control. The trypsin activity in the pancreas of piglets decreased (P<0.05) when they were fed with FSBM. The results showed that FSBM improved intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in weaned piglets.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Pluske JR, Willliams IH, Aheme FX (1995) Nutrition of the neonatal pig. In: Varley MA (ed), The neonatal pig: development and survival. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp 187–235
Dunsford BR, Knabe DA, Haensly WE (1989) Effect of dietary soybean meal on the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine in the early-weaned pig. J Anim Sci 67:1855
Jiang RX, Chang B, Stoll KJ, Ellis RJ, Shypallo E, Weaver J, Campbell, Burrin DG (2000) Dietary plasma proteins used more efficiently than extruded soy protein for lean tissue growth in early-weaned pigs. J Nutr 130:2016–2019
Hong KJ, Lee CH, Kim SW (2004) Aspergillus oryzae GB-107 fermentation improves nutritional quality of food soybeans and feed soybean meals. J Med Food 7(4):430–434
Schultze HJ, Huisman MWA, van Leeuwen VP (1993) Physiological effects of isolated soya trypsin inhibitors (sTI) on pigs. In: van der Poel AFB, Huisman J, Saini HS (eds), Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume seeds. Wagningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp 191–194
Liener IE (1981) Factors affecting the nutritional qualityu of soya product. J Am Oil Chem Soc 58:406–415
Stokes CR, Newby TJ, Miller BG, Bourne FJ (1984) The immunological significance of transient cell mediated immunity to dietary antigens. In: Quinn PJ (ed), Cell mediated immunity. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, p 249
Miller BG, James PS, Smith MW, Bourne FJ (1986) Effect of weaning on the capacity of pig intestinal villi to digest and absorb nutrients. J Agr Sci (Cambr) 107:579–589
Steinkraus KH (1996) Handbook of indigenous fermented food. Marcel Dekker, New York
Sarkar PK, Tamang JP (1995) Changes in the microbial profile and proximate composition during natural and controlled fermentations of soybeans to produce kinema. Food Chem 12:317–325
Sarkar PK, Jones LJ, Somerset GS, Palmer C (1997) Amino acid profiles of kinema, a soybean-fermented food. Food Chem 59:69–75
Kiers JL, van Laeken AEA, Rombouts FM, Nout MJR (2000) In vitro digestibility of Bacillus fermented soya bean. Int J Food Micro 60:163–169
Kiers JL, Meijer JC, Nout MJR, Rombouts FM, Nabuurs MJA, Meulen J (2003) Effect of fermented soya beans on diarrhoea and feed efficiency in weaned piglets. J Appl Micro 95(3):545–555
Thanh VH, Okubo K, Shibasaki K (1975) Isolation and characterization of the multiple 7S globulin of soybean proteins. Plant Physi. 56:19–22
Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685
Jensen MSK, Bach Knudsen KE, Inborr J, Jakobsen K (1998) Effect of β-glucanase supplementation on pancreatic enzyme activity and nutrient digestibility in piglets fed diets based on hulled and hulless barley varieties. Anim Feed Sci Technol 72:329–345
Liepens A, Dehaven E (1978) A rapid method of cell drying for scanning electron microscopy. Scan Electron Microsc 2:37
Lynn KR, Clevette-Radford NA (1984) Purification and characterization of hevin, a serin protease from Hevea brazilliensis. Biochemistry 23:963–964
Erlanson-Albertsson C, Larsson A, Duan R (1987) Sectetion of pancreatic lipase and colipase from rat pancreas. Pancreas 2:531–535
SAS Institute (1988) SAS user’s guide: statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC
Miller BG, Bailey M, Telemo E, Stokes CR (1994) Hypersensitivity to soybean protein in early weaned pigs. In: D’Mello JPF, Duffus CM (eds), Toxic factors in crop plants. Proceedings, 2nd Spring Conference, Edinburgh. Scottish Agricultural College, Edinburgh, pp 86–94
Lalles JP, Salmon H, Bakker NPM, Tolman GH (1993) Effects of dietary antigens on health, performance and immune system of calves and piglets. In: van der Poel AFB, Huisman J, Saini HS (eds), Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume seeds. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp 253–270
DF Li, Nelssen IPG, Blecha F, Hancock JD, Allee GL, Goodband RD, Klemm RD (1990) Transient hypersensitivity to soybean meal in the early weaned pig. J Anim Sci 68:1790–1799
DF Li, Nelssen IPG, Klemm RD, Blecha F, Klemm RD, Alle GL, Goodband RD (1991) Measuring suitability of soybean products for early-weaned pigs with immunological criteria. J Anim Sci 69:3299–3307
Liener IE, Kakade ML (1980) Protease inhibitors. Toxic constituents of plant foods. In: Liener IE (ed), Toxic constituents of plant food. Academic Press, New York, pp 7–71
Schultze HJ, Huisman MWA, van Leeuwen VP (1993) Physiological effects of isolated soya trypsin inhibitors (sTI) on pigs. In: van der Poel AFB, Huisman J, Saini HS (eds), Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume seeds. Wagningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp 191–194
Zarkadas LN, Wiseman J (2000) Inclusion of different processed full fat soya bean in diets for piglets: I. Performance In: Varley M, Wiseman J (eds), The weaner Pig. BSAS Occasional Meeting. British Society of Animal Science. Penicuik, Midlothian, UK, p 45
Zarkadas LN, Wiseman J (2000) Inclusion of differently processed full fat soya bean in diets for piglets: II. Digestibility and intestinal morphology. In: Varley M, Wiseman J (eds), The weaner pig. BSAS occasional meeting. British society of animal science. Penicuik, Midlothian, UK, p 46
Kenworthy R, Allen WD (1996) The significance of Escherichia coli to the young pig. J Comp Pathol 76:31
Miller BG, Newby TJ, Stokes CR, Boame FJ (1984) Influence of diet on post-weaning malabsorption and diarrhoea in the pig. Res Vet Sci 36:137
Miller BG, Newby TJ, Stokes CR, Hampson DJ, Brown PJ, Boame FJ (1984) The importance of dietary antigen in the cause of postweaning diarrhea in pigs. Am J Vet Res 45(9):1730
Miller BG, Bailey M, Telemo E, Stokes CR (1994) Hypersensitivity to soybean protein in early weaned pigs. In: D’Mello JPF, Duffus CM (eds), Toxic factors in crop plants. Proceedings, 2nd Spring Conference, Edinburgh. Scottish Agricultural College. Edinburgh, pp 86–94
Miller BG, James PS, Smith MW, Bourne FJ (1986) Effect of weaning on the capacity of pig intestinal villi to digest and absorb nutrients. J Agr Sci (Cambr) 107:579–589
Wonnop Visessanguan, Soottawat Benjakul, Wanchern Potachareon, Atikorn Panya, Siriporn Riebroy (2005) Acceler-ated proteolysis of soy proteins during fermentation of thua-nao inoculated with bacillus subtilis. J Food Biochem 29:349–366
van Beers-Schreurs HMG, Nabuurs MJA, Vellenga L, Kalsbeek-van der Valk HJ, Wensing T, Breukink HJ (1998) Weaning and the weanling diet influence the villus height and crypt depth in the small intestine of pigs and alter the concentrations of short-chain fattry acids in the large intestine and blood. J Nutr 128:947–953
Liener IE (1989) Antinutritional factors in legume seeds: state of the art. In: Huisman J, van der Poel TFB, Liener IE (eds), Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume seeds. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp 6–13
Krogdahl A, Lea TB, Olli JJ (1994) Soybean proteinase inhibitors affect intestinal trypsin activities and amino acid digestibilities in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol 107A:215–219
Miller BG, James PS, Smith MW, Bourne FJ (1986) Effect of weaning on the capacity of pig intestinal villi to digest and absorb nutrients. J Agr Sci (Cambr) 107:579–589
Krogdahl A, Lea TB, Olli JJ (1994) Soybean proteinase inhibitors affect intestinal trypsin activities and amino acid digestibilities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol 107A:215–219
Holm H, Reseland JE, Thorsen LI, Flatmark A, Hanssen LE (1992) Raw soybeans stimulate human pancreatic proteinase activity differently: in vivo comparison with bovine serum albumin. J Nutr 118:515–520
Temler RS, Dormond CA, Simon E, Morel B, Mettraux C (1984) Response of rat pancreatic proteases to dietary proteins, their hydrolysates and soybean trypsin inhibitor. J Nutr 114:270–278
Liener IE (1981) Factors affecting the nutritional quality of soya products. J Am Oil Chem Soc 58:406–415
Mital BK, Garg SK (1990) Tempeh-technology and food value. Int Food Rev 6:213–224
Hachmeister KA, Fung DY (1993) Tempeh: a mold-modified indigenous fermented food made from soybeans and/or cereal grains. Crit Rev Micro 19:137–188
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Grant Agreement 2004CB117506, a Key Science Project “973” Award, from the National Science and Technology Committee, and Grant Agreement 2004c22027, a Key Science Project Award, from Zhejiang province Science and Technology Committee, P.R. China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Feng, J., Liu, X., Xu, Z.R. et al. Effect of Fermented Soybean Meal on Intestinal Morphology and Digestive Enzyme Activities in Weaned Piglets. Dig Dis Sci 52, 1845–1850 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9705-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9705-0