References
Kountouras J, Zavos C, Chatzopoulos D (2004) Immunomodulatory benefits of cyclosporine A in inflammatory bowel disease. J Cell Mol Med 8:317–328
Snook JA, de Silva HJ, Jewell DP (1989) The association of autoimmune disorders with inflammatory bowel disease. Q J Med 72:835–840
Tan RS (1974) Ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, atypical lichen planus, alopecia areata, vitiligo. Proc R Soc Med 67:195–19
Thompson DM, Robinson TW, Lennard-Jones J (1974) Alopecia areata, vitiligo, scleroderma and ulcerative colitis. Proc R Soc Med 67:1010–1012
Martinez-Mir A, Zlotogorski A, Ott J, Gordon D, Christiano AM (2003) Genetic linkage studies in alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 8:199–203
Treem WR, Veligati LN, Rotter JI, Targan SR, Hyams JS (1993) Ulcerative colitis and total alopecia in a mother and her son. Gastroenterology 104:1187–1191
Christodoulou DK, Katsanos KH, Kitsanou M, Stergiopoulou C, Hatzis J, Tsianos EV (2002) Frequency of extraintestinal manifestations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Northwest Greece and review of the literature. Dig Liver Dis 34:781–786
Muller SA, Winkelmann RK (1963) Alopecia areata. An evaluation of 736 patients. Arch Dermatol 88:290–29
Tang L, Cao L, Bernardo O, Chen Y, Sundberg JP, Lui H, Chung S, Shapiro J (2003) Topical mechlorethamine restores autoimmune-arrested follicular activity in mice with an alopecia areata-like disease by targeting infiltrated lymphocytes. J Invest Dermatol 120:400–406
Gilhar A, Ullmann Y, Berkutzki T, Assy B, Kalish RS (1998) Autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata) transferred by T lymphocytes to human scalp explants on SCID mice. J Clin Invest 101:62–67
Sato-Kawamura M, Aiba S, Tagami H (2003) Strong expression of CD40, CD54 and HLA-DR antigen and lack of evidence for direct cellular cytotoxicity are unique immunohistopathological features in alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol Res 294:536–543
McElwee KJ, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Hoffmann R, Kissling S, Hummel S, Vitacolonna M, Zoller M (2005) Transfer of CD8(+) cells induces localized hair loss whereas CD4(+)/CD25(–) cells promote systemic alopecia areata and CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells blockade disease onset in the C3H/HeJ mouse model. J Invest Dermatol 124:947–957
Zoller M, McElwee KJ, Vitacolonna M, Hoffmann R (2004) Apoptosis resistance in peripheral blood lymphocytes of alopecia areata patients. J Autoimmun 23:241–256
Bodemer C, Peuchmaur M, Fraitaig S, Chatenoud L, Brousse N, De Prost Y (2000) Role of cytotoxic T cells in chronic alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 114:112–116
McElwee KJ, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Zoller M, Hoffmann R (2003) Alopecia areata susceptibility in rodent models. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 8:182–187
Christoph T, Muller-Rover S, Audring H, Tobin DJ, Hermes B, Cotsarelis G, Ruckert R, Paus R (2000) The human hair follicle immune system: cellular composition and immune privilege. Br J Dermatol 142:862–873
Gilhar A, Shalaginov R, Assy B, Serafimovich S, Kalish RS (1999) Alopecia areata is a T-lymphocyte mediated autoimmune disease: lesional human T-lymphocytes transfer alopecia areata to human skin grafts on SCID mice. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 4:207–210
Benichou G, Price VH (1999) T cell repertoire in mice with alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 4:224–225
Namazi MR (2003) Nitric oxide donors as potential additions to anti-alopecia areata armamentarium. Inflamm Res 52:227–229
Gilhar A, Landau M, Assy B, Ullmann Y, Shalaginov R, Serafimovich S, Kalish RS (2003) Transfer of alopecia areata in the human scalp graft/Prkdc(scid) (SCID) mouse system is characterized by a TH1 response. Clin Immunol 106:181–187
Brajac I, Gruber F, Petrovecki M, Malnar-Dragojevic D (2004) Interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain expression in patients with alopecia areata. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 12:154–156
Gupta AK, Ellis CN, Cooper KD, Nickoloff BJ, Ho VC, Chan LS, Hamilton TA, Tellner DC, Griffiths CE, Voorhees JJ (1990) Oral cyclosporine for the treatment of alopecia areata. A clinical and immunohistochemical analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 22(2; Pt 1):242–250
Lazarous MC, Kerdel FA (2002) Topical tacrolimus Protopic. Drugs Today (Barc) 38:7–15
Nunzi E, Hamerlinck F, Cormane RH (1980) Immunopathological studies on alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol Res 269:1–11
McElwee KJ, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Sundberg JP, Hoffmann R (2003) The pathogenesis of alopecia areata in rodent models. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 8:6–11
Carroll JM, McElwee KJE, King L, Byrne MC, Sundberg JP (2002) Gene array profiling and immunomodulation studies define a cell-mediated immune response underlying the pathogenesis of alopecia areata in a mouse model and humans. J Invest Dermatol 119:392–402
Bo X, Broome U, Remberger M, Sumitran-Holgersson S (2001) Tumour necrosis factor alpha impairs function of liver derived T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 49:131–141
Tinmouth J, Lee M, Wanless IR, Tsui FW, Inman R, Heathcote EJ (2002) Apoptosis of biliary epithelial cells in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver 22:228–234
Ludwig J, Barham SS, LaRusso NF, Elveback LR, Wiesner RH, McCall JT (1981) Morphologic features of chronic hepatitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and chronic ulcerative colitis. Hepatology 1:632–640
Whiteside TL, Lasky S, Si L, Van Thiel DH (1985) Immunologic analysis of mononuclear cells in liver tissues and blood of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 5:468–474
Lindor KD, Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF, Homburger HA (1987) Enhanced autoreactivity of T-lymphocytes in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 7:884–888
Panasiuk A, Prokopowicz D, Zak J, Panasiuk B, Wysocka J (2004) Lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatogastroenterology 51:1289–1291
Broome U, Hultcrantz R, Lefvert AK, Yi Q (1998) Cytokine production from colonic T cells in patients with ulcerative colitis with and without primary sclerosing cholangitis. Dis Colon Rectum 41:1543–1549
Tjandra K, Le T, Swain MG (2003) Glucocorticoid receptors are downregulated in hepatic T lymphocytes in rats with experimental cholangitis. Gut 52:1363–1370
Kyokane K, Ichihara T, Horisawa M, Suzuki N, Ichihara S, Suga S, Nakao A, Morise K (1994) Successful treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis with cyclosporine and corticosteroid. Hepatogastroenterology 41:449–452
Van Thiel DH, Carroll P, Abu-Elmagd K, Rodriguez-Rilo H, Irish W, McMichael J, Starzl TE (1995) Tacrolimus (FK 506), a treatment for primary sclerosing cholangitis: results of an open-label preliminary trial. Am J Gastroenterol 90:455–459
Xu B, Broome U, Ericzon BG, Sumitran-Holgersson S (2002) High frequency of autoantibodies in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis that bind biliary epithelial cells and induce expression of CD44 and production of interleukin 6. Gut 51:120–127
Wen Z, Fiocchi C (2004) Inflammatory bowel disease: Autoimmune or immune-mediated pathogenesis? Clin Dev Immunol 11:195–204
Shanahan F, Targan S (1994) Mechanisms of tissue injury in inflammatory bowel disease. In Inflammatory bowel disease: from bench to bedside. Targan S, Shanahan F (eds). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp 78–88
Groux H, Powrie F (1999) Regulatory T cells and inflammatory bowel disease. Immunol Today 20:442–445
Fiocchi C (1998) Inflammatory bowel disease: etiology and pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 115:182–205
Kountouras J, Kouklakis G, Zavos C, Chatzopoulos D, Moschos J, Molyvas E, Zavos N (2003) Apoptosis, inflammatory bowel disease and carcinogenesis: overview of international and Greek experiences. Can J Gastroenterol 17:249–258
Souza HS, Tortori CJ, Castelo-Branco MT, Carvalho AT, Margallo VS, Delgado CF, Dines I, Elia CC (2005) Apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: evidence of altered expression of FasL and perforin cytotoxic pathways. Int J Colorectal Dis 20:277–286
Kountouras J, Zavos C, Chatzopoulos D (2005) Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 129:1138–1139
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Katsinelos, P., Kountouras, J., Paroutoglou, G. et al. Alopecia Areata, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, and Ulcerative Colitis: Autoimmunity and Apoptosis as Common Links?. Dig Dis Sci 52, 1288–1292 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9265-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9265-3