Abstract
Sexual minority men are at a higher risk for body dissatisfaction (BD). Previous studies have found that experience of sexual minority stress heightens BD. The protective effects of satisfying relationships with one’s romantic partners and parents are underexplored in this population. This study examined the individual effects of sexual minority stress, romantic relationships, and child-parent relationship and explored the moderating effect of relationship satisfaction. Data came from a sample (n = 405) of gay (86.8%) and bisexual (13.2%) men (mean age = 28.54, SD = 5.6) in Taiwan who responded to an Internet-based survey containing questions about BD, sexual minority stress, satisfaction with romantic partnership, and the quality of relationship with parents. Multiple regression analysis shows that those with a higher level of BD reported a greater level of sexual minority stress and poorer relationship satisfaction with a romantic partner and parents. Meanwhile, relationship satisfaction could not buffer the adverse effect of sexual minority stress on BD. This study suggests that sexual minority men’s BD is modestly associated with sexual minority stress while satisfying relationships with a romantic partner and parents protect against BD. These findings highlight that social workers need to address the interpersonal-level factors when working with sexual minority men to promote a healthy body image.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbate-Daga, G., Gramaglia, C., Amianto, F., Marzola, E., & Fassino, S. (2010). Attachment insecurity, personality, and body dissatisfaction in eating disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 520–524. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e4c6f7.
Alessi, E. J., & Martin, J. I. (2010). Conducting an internet-based survey: Benefits, pitfalls, and lessons learned. Social Work Research, 34, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/34.2.122.
Ålgars, M., Santtila, P., Varjonen, M., Witting, K., Johansson, A., Jern, P., & Sandnabba, N. K. (2009). The adult body: How age, gender, and body mass index are related to body image. Journal of Aging and Health, 21, 1112–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264309348023.
Allen, M. S., Iliescu, D., & Greiff, S. (2022). Single item measures in psychological science: A call to action. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 38, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000699.
Alvy, L. M. (2013). Do lesbian women have a better body image? Comparisons with heterosexual women and model of lesbian-specific factors. Body Image, 10, 524–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.06.002.
Austen, E., Greenaway, K. H., & Griffiths, S. (2020). Differences in weight stigma between gay, bisexual, and heterosexual men. Body Image, 35, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.08.002.
Badenes-Ribera, L., Fabris, M. A., & Longobardi, C. (2018). The relationship between internalized homonegativity and body image concerns in sexual minority men: a meta-analysis. Psychology & Sexuality, 9, 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2018.1476905.
Barnes, M., Abhyankar, P., Dimova, E., & Best, C. (2020). Associations between body dissatisfaction and self-reported anxiety and depression in otherwise healthy men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 15, e0229268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229268.
Bearman, S. K., Presnell, K., Martinez, E., & Stice, E. (2006). The skinny on body dissatisfaction: A longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9010-9.
Belous, C. K., & Wampler, R. S. (2016). Development of the Gay and Lesbian Relationship Satisfaction Scale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 42, 451–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12158.
Blashill, A. J., Safren, S. A., Wilhelm, S., Jampel, J., Taylor, S. W., O’Cleirigh, C., & Mayer, K. H. (2017). Cognitive behavioral therapy for body image and self-care (CBT-BISC) in sexual minority men living with HIV: A randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology, 36, 937–946. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000505.
Bozard, R. L. Jr., & Young, J. S. (2016). The roles of family, friends, and romantic/sexual partners in the body image of sexual minority men. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94, 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12072.
Brennan, D. J., Asakura, K., George, C., Newman, P. A., Giwa, S., Hart, T. A., Giwa, S., & Betancourt, G. (2013). Never reflected anywhere”: Body image among ethnoracialized gay and bisexual men. Body Image, 10, 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.03.006.
Brewster, M. E., Sandil, R., DeBlaere, C., Breslow, A., & Eklund, A. (2017). Do you even lift, bro?” Objectification, minority stress, and body image concerns for sexual minority men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18, 87. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000043.
Brown, T. A., & Keel, P. K. (2015a). Relationship status predicts lower restrictive eating pathology for bisexual and gay men across 10-year follow-up. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6), 700–707. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22433.
Brown, T. A., & Keel, P. K. (2015b). A randomized controlled trial of a peer co-led dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program for gay men. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 74, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.008.
Burke, N. L., Schaefer, L. M., Hazzard, V. M., & Rodgers, R. F. (2020). Where identities converge: The importance of intersectionality in eating disorders research. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53, 1605–1609. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23371.
Calogero, R. M., Park, L. E., Rahemtulla, Z. K., & Williams, K. C. (2010). Predicting excessive body image concerns among British university students: The unique role of appearance-based rejection sensitivity. Body Image, 7, 78–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.09.005.
Cash, T. F., Thériault, J., & Annis, N. M. (2004). Body image in an interpersonal context: Adult attachment, fear of intimacy and social anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.1.89.26987.
Cheng, H. L., & Mallinckrodt, B. (2009). Parental bonds, anxious attachment, media internalization, and body image dissatisfaction: Exploring a mediation model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015067.
Ching, B. H. H., Chen, T. T., & He, C. C. (2021). Testing a dual pathway model of appearance-related commentary in gay men: Appearance contingent self-worth as a moderator. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02033-7.
Chrisler, A. J. (2017). Understanding parent reactions to coming out as lesbian, gay, or bisexual: A theoretical framework. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9, 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12194.
Convertino, A. D., Brady, J. P., Albright, C. A., Gonzales, M., & Blashill, A. J. (2021). The role of sexual minority stress and community involvement on disordered eating, dysmorphic concerns and appearance- and performance-enhancing drug misuse. Body Image, 36, 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.006.
Cook, S. H., & Calebs, B. J. (2016). The Integrated Attachment and Sexual Minority Stress Model: Understanding the role of adult attachment in the health and well-being of sexual minority men. Behavioral Medicine, 42, 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2016.1165173.
Crisp, C., & McCave, E. L. (2007). Gay affirmative practice: A model for social work practice with gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 24, 403–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-007-0091-z.
de Vries, D. A., Vossen, H. G. M. & van der Kolk-van der Boom (2019). Social media and body dissatisfaction: Investigating the attenuating role of positive parent–adolescent relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48, 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0956-9.
Drummond, M. J. N. (2005). Asian gay men’s bodies. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 13, 291–300. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1303.291.
Feldman, M. B., Torino, J. A., & Swift, M. (2011). A group intervention to improve body image satisfaction and dietary habits in gay and bisexual men living with HIV/AIDS. Eating Disorders, 19, 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2011.609084.
Frederick, D. A., & Essayli, J. H. (2016). Male body image: The roles of sexual orientation and body mass index across five national U.S. Studies. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 17, 336–351. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000031.
Frederick, D. A., Kelly, M. C., Latner, J. D., Sandhu, G., & Tsong, Y. (2016). Body image and face image in Asian American and white women: Examining associations with surveillance, construal of self, perfectionism, and sociocultural pressures. Body Image, 16, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.12.002.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.
Friedman, M. A., Dixon, A. E., Brownell, K. D., Whisman, M. A., & Wilfley, D. E. (1999). Marital status, marital satisfaction, and body image dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 26, 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199907)26:1<81::AID-EAT10>3.0.CO;2-V.
Goins, L. B., Markey, C. N., & Gillen, M. M. (2012). Understanding men’s body image in the context of their romantic relationships. American Journal of Men’s Health, 6, 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988311431007.
Goldhammer, H. B., Maston, E. D., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2019). Addressing eating disorders and body dissatisfaction in sexual and gender minority youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56, 318–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.011.
Gorgan, S. (2016). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children. Routledge.
Grenon, R., Tasca, G. A., Maxwell, H., Balfour, L., Proulx, G., & Bissada, H. (2016). Parental bonds and body dissatisfaction in a clinical sample: the mediating roles of attachment anxiety and media internalization. Body Image, 19, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.005.
Griffiths, S., Brennan, L., O’Gorman, B., Goedel, W. C., Sheffield, J., Bastian, B., & Barlow, F. K. (2018). Experiences of weightism among sexual minority men: Relationships with Body Mass Index, body dissatisfaction, and psychological quality of life. Social Science & Medicine, 214, 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.018.
Grogan, S. (1999). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, woman, and children. Routledge.
Grov, C., Ventuneac, A., Rendina, H. J., Jimenez, R. H., & Parsons, J. T. (2012). Perceived importance of five different health issues for gay and bisexual men: Implications for new directions in health education and prevention. American Journal of Men’s Health, 7, 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988312463419.
Guest, E., Costa, B., Williamson, H., Meyrick, J., Halliwell, E., & Harcourt, D. (2019). The effectiveness of interventions aiming to promote positive body image in adults: A systematic review. Body Image, 30, 10–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.04.002.
Hart, L. M., Cornell, C., Damiano, S. R., & Paxton, S. J. (2015). Parents and prevention: A systematic review of interventions involving parents that aim to prevent body dissatisfaction or eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48, 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22284.
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 707–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016441.
He, J., Sun, S., Lin, Z., & Fan, X. (2020). Body dissatisfaction and sexual orientations: A quantitative synthesis of 30 years research findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 81, 101896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101896.
Heiden-Rootes, K., Wiegand, A., & Bono, D. (2019). Sexual minority adults: A national survey on depression, religious fundamentalism, parent relationship quality & acceptance. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 45, 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12323.
Heron, K. E., Braitman, A. L., Lewis, R. J., Shappie, A. T., & Hitson, P. T. (2018). Measuring sexual minority stressors in lesbian women’s daily lives: Initial scale development. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5, 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000287.
Holsen, I., Jones, D. C., & Birkeland, M. S. (2012). Body image satisfaction among Norwegian adolescents and young adults: A longitudinal study of the influence of interpersonal relationships and BMI. Body Image, 9, 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.006.
Hong, C. H., & Chou, L. T. (2012). Effects of family relationship on life satisfaction of middle-aged generation. Journal of Human Development and Family Studies, 14, 95–124.
Huang, L. L., & Chang, C. (2005). Body image and its predictors in Taiwan: Interpersonal pressure and media agreement as mediators. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 47, 269–287.
Huang, Y. T. (2022). Parental acceptance of lesbian, gay, and bisexual children in Taiwan: Towards relationship-based practice. Family Relations. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12675.
Huang, Y. T., Chan, R. C. H., & Cui, L. (2020). Filial piety, internalized homonegativity, and depressive symptoms among Taiwanese gay and bisexual men: A mediation analysis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90, 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000439.
Hunt, C. J., Gonsalkorale, K., & Nosek, B. A. (2012). Links between psychosocial variables and body dissatisfaction in homosexual men: Differential relations with the drive for muscularity and the drive for thinness. International Journal of Men’s Health, 11, 127–136. https://doi.org/10.3149/JMH.1102.127.
Jones, B. A., Haycraft, E., Murjan, S., & Arcelus, J. (2016). Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in trans people: A systematic review of the literature. International Review of Psychiatry, 28, 81–94. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1089217.
Juarez, L., & Pritchard, M. (2012). Body dissatisfaction: Commitment, support, and trust in romantic relationships. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 22, 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2012.647478.
Kamody, R. C., Grilo, C. M., & Udo, T. (2020). Disparities in DSM-5 defined eating disorders by sexual orientation among U.S. adults. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53, 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23193.
Karazsia, B. T., Murnen, S. K., & Tylka, T. L. (2017). Is body dissatisfaction changing across time? A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 293–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000081.
Kimmel, S. B., & Mahalik, J. R. (2005). Body image concerns of gay men: the roles of minority stress and conformity to masculine norms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1185–1190. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.73.6.1185.
Kozee, H. B., & Tylka, T. L. (2006). A test of objectification theory with lesbian women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00310.x.
Lanzieri, N., & Hildebrandt, T. (2016). Using objectification theory to examine the effects of media on gay male body image. Clinical Social Work Journal, 44, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-015-0562-1.
Luo, Y., Parish, W. L., & Laumann, E. O. (2005). A population-based study of body image concerns among urban Chinese adults. Body Image, 2, 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.09.003.
Martins, Y., Tiggemann, M., & Kirkbride, A. (2007). Those speedos become them: The role of self-objectification in gay and heterosexual men’s body image. Personlity & Social Psychology Bulletib, 33, 634–647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206297403.
Mason, T. B., Lewis, R. J., & Heron, K. E. (2018). Disordered eating and body image concerns among sexual minority women: A systematic review and testable model. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5, 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000293.
McArdle, K. A., & Hill, M. S. (2009). Understanding body dissatisfaction in gay and heterosexual men: The roles of self-esteem, media, and peer influence. Men and Masculinities, 11, 511–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184x07303728.
McConnell, E. A., Birkett, M., & Mustanski, B. (2016). Families matter: Social support and mental health trajectories among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59, 674–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.07.026.
Menon, C. V., & Harter, S. L. (2012). Examining the impact of acculturative stress on body image disturbance among Hispanic college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028638.
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56.
Mirabella, M., Giovanardi, G., Fortunato, A., Senofonte, G., Lombardo, F., Lingiardi, V., & Speranza, A. M. (2020). The body I live in. Perceptions and meanings of body dissatisfaction in young transgender adults: A qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9, 3733. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113733.
Morrison, M. A., Morrison, T. G., & Sager, C. L. (2004). Does body satisfaction differ between gay men and lesbian women and heterosexual men and women? A meta-analytic review. Body Image, 1, 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.01.002.
Nagata, J. M., Ganson, K. T., & Austin, S. B. (2020). Emerging trends in eating disorders among sexual and gender minorities. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 33, 562–567. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000645.
Oshana, A., Klimek, P., & Blashill, A. J. (2020). Minority stress and body dysmorphic disorder symptoms among sexual minority adolescents and adult men. Body Image, 34, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.06.001.
Park, W., & Epstein, N. B. (2013). The longitudinal causal directionality between body image distress and self-esteem among Korean adolescents: The moderating effect of relationships with parents. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.002.
Peplau, L. A., Frederick, D. A., Yee, C., Maisel, N., Lever, J., & Ghavami, N. (2009). Body image satisfaction in heterosexual, gay, and lesbian adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 713–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9378-1.
Rhondali, W., Chisholm, G. B., Filbet, M., Kang, D. H., Hui, D., Cororve Fingeret, M., & Bruera, E. (2015). Screening for body image dissatisfaction in patients with advanced cancer: A pilot study. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 18, 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2013.0588.
Robinson, A. L., Dolhanty, J., & Greenberg, L. (2015). Emotion-focused family therapy for eating disorders in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22, 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1861.
Sanftner, J. L., Ryan, W. J., & Pierce, P. (2009). Application of a relational model to understanding body image in college women and men. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 23, 262–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568220903167182.
Schutz, H. K., & Paxton, S. J. (2007). Friendship quality, body dissatisfaction, dieting and disordered eating in adolescent girls. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466506X115993.
Selensky, J. C., & Carels, R. A. (2021). Weight stigma and media: An examination of the effect of advertising campaigns on weight bias, internalized weight bias, self-esteem, body image, and affect. Body Image, 36, 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.008.
Shao, J., Chang, E. S., & Chen, C. (2018). The relative importance of parent-child dynamics and minority stress on the psychological adjustment of LGBs in China. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65, 598–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000281.
Shaver, L. G., Khawer, A., Yi, Y., Aubrey-Bassler, K., Etchegary, H., Roebothan, B., Asghari, S., & Wang, P. P. (2019). Using Facebook advertising to recruit representative samples: Feasibility assessment of a cross-sectional survey. Journal of medical Internet research, 21, e14021–e14021. https://doi.org/10.2196/14021.
Siever, M. D. (1994). Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.62.2.252.
Smith, M., Wilson, K., Janes, E., Goodloe, J., Guzman, A., & Sisemore, A. (2022). Body image and gay men: Adaptation of emotionally-focused family therapy for gay clients with negative body image. Contemporary Family Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-022-09642-9.
Smolak, L., & Levine, M. P. (2015). Body image, disordered eating, and eating disorders. In L. Smolak, & M. P. Levine (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of eating disorders (pp. 1–10). Wiley.
Stice, E., Nemeroff, C., & Shaw, H. E. (1996). Test of the dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa: Evidence for dietary restraint and affect regulation mechanisms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 340–363. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1996.15.3.340.
Taleporos, G., & McCabe, M. P. (2002). Body image and physical disability—personal perspectives. Social Science & Medicine, 54, 971–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00069-7.
Tasca, G. A. (2019). Attachment and eating disorders: A research update. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.03.003.
Tetley, A., Moghaddam, N. G., Dawson, D. L., & Rennoldson, M. (2014). Parental bonding and eating disorders: A systematic review. Eating Behaviors, 15, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.10.008.
Tiggemann, M., Martins, Y., & Kirkbride, A. (2007). Oh to be lean and muscular: Body image ideals in gay and heterosexual men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.8.1.15.
Tucker, X., Berona, J., Hipwell, A. E., & Keenan, K. (2022). A longitudinal study of differences in perceived parenting practices between sexual minority and heterosexual Girls. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32, 696–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12679.
Tylka, T. L., & Andorka, M. J. (2012). Support for an expanded tripartite influence model with gay men. Body Image, 9, 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.09.006.
Tylka, T. L., Bergeron, D., & Schwartz, J. P. (2005). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Male Body Attitudes Scale (MBAS). Body Image, 2, 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.03.001.
van den Berg, P., Thompson, J. K., Obremski-Brandon, K., & Coovert, M. (2002). The Tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance: a covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 1007–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00499-3.
van den Brink, F., Vollmann, M., Smeets, M. A., Hessen, D. J., & Woertman, L. (2018). Relationships between body image, sexual satisfaction, and relationship quality in romantic couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 32, 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000407.
VanKim, N. A., Porta, C. M., Eisenberg, M. E., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Laska, M. N. (2016). Lesbian, gay and bisexual college student perspectives on disparities in weight-related behaviours and body image: a qualitative analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25, 3676–3686. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13106.
Wang, S. B., & Borders, A. (2017). Rumination mediates the associations between sexual minority stressors and disordered eating, particularly for men. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia. Bulimia and Obesity, 22, 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0350-0.
Watson, L. B., Grotewiel, M., Farrell, M., Marshik, J., & Schneider, M. (2015). Experiences of sexual objectification, minority stress, and disordered eating among sexual minority women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39, 458–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684315575024.
Watson, R. J., Rose, H. A., Doull, M., Adjei, J., & Saewyc, E. (2019). Worsening perceptions of family connectedness and parent support for lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 3121–3131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01489-3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Funding Statement
This study was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grant Council Early Career Scheme #27616418.
Conflict of Interest Disclosure
No conflict of interest exists for this study.
Ethics Approval Statement
This study was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Hong Kong (#EA1904014). All participants have provided a written consent to participate in this study.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, YT. Body Dissatisfaction, Sexual Minority Stress, and Relationship Satisfaction Among Sexual Minority Men in Taiwan. Clin Soc Work J 51, 100–111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-022-00855-x
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-022-00855-x